Causation in Insurance Contract Law
Index
- abandonment, notice of ,
- ‘a cause’ test , –
- accident compensation system
- accidents: all-risk insurance ; fortuitous –, , ; Inchmaree Clause , ; injuries or death and ; life cover –; non-marine insurance –; road, liability for ; Walkhem's interpretation of
- actual causation , –, ,
- actual total loss (ATL) –,
- actuarial vision of insurance
- agents , , ,
- aggregation clause –, –
- aircraft and spare parts, seizure of
- “all or nothing” approach , , –, ,
- all-risk policy , , –, , –, , –, –, –; accidents ; contractual interpretation
- Andrew, Smith J.
- anti-concurrent causes clause –
- apprehension of peril and mitigation measures –
- ‘arising from’, definition of ,
- ‘arising out of’, definition of , , –,
- assured's duty of fair presentation , –
- assured's non-compliance –
- ‘attributable to’, definition of , , –
- Australia: ‘arising out of’, definition of ; burden and standard of proof , ; business interruption cover –; concurrent causes , ; contextual interpretation and common-sense principles ; FCA test –; foreseeability ; industrial special risks insurance policy ; Insurance Contracts Act 1984 ; Marine Insurance Act 1909 –; nature of subject matter insured ; voyage ; warranties, breach of
- Bacon's Maxim , ,
- Bailhache, J. ,
- bailment
- Baker, T.
- balance of probabilities , –, , –, , –, –, –,
- barratry –, , , , –,
- Belgium
- Bennett, H. , ,
- beyond Reasonable doubt , ,
- bill of lading
- Birks, P.
- Black's law dictionary
- Branson, J.
- breakage and leakage , –
- breakdown of machinery –, –
- burden of proof , –; all-risk policy –, –, –; assured, burden on –, ; Australia , ; balance of probabilities , –, , –, , –, –, –, ; beyond reasonable doubt , , ; but-for test , , , ; cause-in-fact ; cause-in-law ; circumstantial evidence ; common sense approach ; concurrent causes ; factual causation ; fortuity –, , –, , ; generic perils –; inherent vice ; insured perils –, –, , –, –, ; insurers, on –, ; insuring clauses ; loss of a chance –; marine risks , –, –; materiality , –; mysterious disappearance clauses , –; non-insured or excluded perils –, ; perils of the sea , –, –, –, , –, , –, ; proximate cause , , –, ; resumption of innocence , , ; seaworthiness –, , –, ; secondary burden ; standard of proof , , –, , ; unexplainable losses –; warranties ; war risks policy ,
- burst pipes
- business interruption cover , –, –; Australia –; COVID-19 –; FCA test –
- Butcher, J.
- but-for test , –; ‘attributable to’, definition of ; burden of proof , , , ; cause-in-fact –, , , , ; common sense approach ; concurrent causes –, , , , –, , ; factual causation , ; failure –; financial gains cases –; foreseeability , –; inevitable consequence test ; interpretation , –, –, ; liability insurance –; loss of a chance –; material contribution , –, –; medical negligence , –, –; operation –; proximate cause –, –, ; remoteness –; seaworthiness –; tort law –, ; warranties, breach of , ; what or who caused loss ; wilful misconduct , –
- Calabresi, G.
- Canada ,
- capture, confiscation and seizure , –, , , , , , ,
- cargo insurance , , –; see also Institute Cargo Clauses
- Catastrophe Clause
- catastrophe reinsurance policy
- causa causans ,
- causae sine qua non , ,
- causal connection test , –, –, ; warranties, breach of –, –,
- causal involvement test
- causal limitation –, , , ; warranties
- causal selection test ,
- Causa proxima non remota spectatur principle –
- cause-and-effect , –, ,
- ‘caused by’, definition of –, –
- cause-in-fact , , , , , , , ; bifurcation –, ; burden of proof ; but-for test –, , , , ; counterfactual dependence , ; intervening causes
- cause-in-law , , , , , ; bifurcation –, ; burden of proof ; but-for test , ; counterfactual dependence ; inevitable consequence test ; intervening causes
- The Cendor MOPU , , –, ; common-sense principles ; concurrent causes , –, , , , –, ; exclusions ; external factors , –; independent operations ; inherent vice , , , –; internal causes –; internal factors , –; interpretation and causation ; ‘leg-breaking wave’ , , ; nature of subject matter insured –, –, ; perils of the sea , , –; proximate cause ; test of causation
- certainty: all risks ; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures ; burden of proof , , –, ; but-for test , –; fortuity ; loss of a chance ; time order test ; unexplainability –
- Chalmers, M. –, , , , ,
- Chalmers’ Marine Insurance Act 1906
- chance, loss of a see loss of a chance
- charterparties , , –, , ,
- Chinese maritime courts –
- circumstantial evidence
- Clarke, M. ,
- clause ; aggregation –, –; negligence , –; perils of the sea , , ; pollution ; proximate cause –; repairs , ; trends clauses , , –, –, ; warlike operations
- clinical negligence , , –, –
- Colinvaux's law of insurance
- collateral lies, fraudulent claims vs. –
- collisions: apportionment ; delay ; detention ; fault ; liability ; maritime perils ; perils of the sea
- Colman, J. ,
- combined causes see concurrent causes
- common law –, , –, , ,
- common-sense principles –, –, , , ; application , –; burden of proof ; The Cendor MOPU ; concurrent causes , , , , ; contextual interpretation and –; contractual interpretation ; interpreting cause of loss , , –; notion of causation –; recent developments ; series of questions about
- competing theories ,
- compulsory insurance , ,
- concurrent causes , –, –; “all or nothing” approach , , –, , ; anti-concurrent causes clause –; apportionment , –, , , –; Australia , ; burden of proof ; but-for test –, , , , –, , ; The Cendor MOPU , –, , , , –, ; combination of all competing causes –, ; common sense approach , , , , ; contractual interpretation , ; cumulative damage ; definition –, , –; dominant causes , ; effective cause –, ; efficiency test , –, , ; English cases, rules established by landmark , , ; equal efficiency –, , , , –, –, , , ; FCA test –, , , , ; independent operations ; indispensable contribution to each cause , ; insured perils –, –, , , –, , , , –, –, ; insuring clauses ; intention , , , , –; interdependent causes , , , ; internal causes and external causes –; interpretation , , –, , , –, , ; liability insurance ; marine insurance –, –, –, , ; marine risks , ; necessary condition test , –, –; new clauses, wording of ; non-insured or excluded perils , , –, –, , ; Norwegian insurance law –; one peril that falls into more than one heading of peril ; overlap in coverage –, , ; precedents –; proximate cause –; sole causes , , –, , , –, , , ; time order test –; tort law , –, ; two independent perils of equal efficiency –; war risks policy , –, ,
- confiscation, capture and seizure , –, , , , , , ,
- ‘consequences of’, definition of –
- ‘consequent upon’, definition of
- construction see interpretation
- constructive total loss (CTL) , , , ,
- Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012
- contract –, –, –; affreightment ; all-risk insurance ; apprehension of peril –; but-for test ; ‘caused by’, definition of ; Clause ; concurrent causes , –, –, ; freedom of contract , ; insurance contract law –, –; loss of a chance –; marine risks –; perils of the sea ; reinsurance –; sale ; shipbuilding ; variations , , ; see-also standard terms; warranties; breach of
- contractual interpretation , , , , ; all-risk insurance ; causation and , –; common-sense principles in ; concurrent causes , ; exclusions ; maritime perils ; non-marine risks ; war risks policy
- contractual liabilities ,
- contractual limitation –; defined ; recognised
- contra proferentem policy , ,
- correlation , ; causation and ; statistical ; successive losses and successive causes
- counterfactual dependence: cause-in-fact , ; cause-in-law ; Inchmaree Clause ; insurance causation –; non-insured or excluded perils ; tort law –, ; warranties, breach of
- counterfactual theory ,
- COVID-19
- assessment of quantum –; BI cover –; business interruption cover –; causation and interpretation , ; FCA test
- criminal law , , , –, , ,
- criminal liabilities ,
- criminal offences
- Croom-Johnson, J.
- cumulative causes –,
- cumulative damage
- custom , –
- decisive cause ,
- delay –, , , , –, , , –, ; efficiency test
- de minimis rule ,
- detention
- deviation
- direct cause –, –, , , , ,
- direct damage
- disappearances see unexplainable losses
- dominant cause –, , , , –
- double insurance
- due diligence –,
- due diligence proviso –
- ‘due to’, definition of
- duplicate necessity, defined
- duty of fair presentation: assured’s , –; pre-contractual
- economic loss
- Eder, J.
- Edgarton, H.
- Edwards-Stuart, J. –
- effective cause , , –, –, , , ,
- efficiency test –, –; chain of efficiency –; common sense approach , , –, , ; delay ; effective cause ; historical development , –; inevitable consequence test ; inherent vice ; marine insurance , –, –, –; necessary condition test , –; proximate cause –, ; reinsurance ; seaworthiness , ; successive causes –; time order test ; two independent perils of equal efficiency –; wilful misconduct
- efficient cause test , , , , , , , , , ,
- ejusdem generis approach ,
- Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969
- employment clause , , , –, ,
- equal efficiency ; concurrent causes –, , , , –, –, , , ; independent perils –
- equivalent causes, theory of
- Erection All Risks (EAR) policy ,
- Erle, J.
- exclusions see non-insured or excluded perils
- expert evidence , ,
- express warranties
- external factors: The Cendor MOPU , –; concurrent causes –; fortuitous external facts –; inherent vice –; internal causes –; intervening causes , ; intervention, definition of , –; marine insurance –; perils of the sea –; proximate cause –; seaworthiness –; subject matter insured –
- factual causation , –, , , , , ; burden of proof ; but-for test , ; and legal causation , –, ; machinery –
- factual matrix , ,
- fair presentation, duty of see duty of fair presentation
- fault , , , , , , , –, ,
- FCA test , , –; Australia –; business interruption cover –; concurrent causes –, , , , ; contextual interpretation and common-sense principles , ; COVID-19 ; machinery , –,
- financial losses , ,
- fire , , , , –, –, , , –, –
- fixed platforms
- foreseeability , , , , –, ; but-for test , –; machinery ,
- fortuity: all-risk insurance –, –; burden and standard of proof –, ; external causes –; inherent vice –; internal causes –; marine risks ; perils of the sea –; subject matter insured , –; unexplainable losses ,
- fraud , , , –
- fraudulent claims , , ; collateral lies vs. –; defined ; forms of ; as wilful misconduct
- freedom of contract ,
- freight policies –, , , –
- frustration , –
- frustration clause, war risks policy
- good faith , , –
- Green, L.
- Green, S. , ,
- gross negligence
- Gürses, Ö.
- Guy, J. A.
- Hague Visby Rules
- Halsbury
- Halsbury's laws ,
- Hart, H. L. A. –, –, –, –, , , –, , , –, , –, ,
- Hill, J.
- Hodges, S.
- Hoffmann, L.
- Honoré, T. –, –, –, –, , , –, , , –, , –, ,
- hull insurance: delay –, ; Institute Time Clauses Hulls , , , , ; Institute Voyage Clauses Hulls ; International Hull Clauses ; marine risks –; seaworthiness , , –; voyage
- Hume, D.
- Hume's Regularity Theory –
- Hurricane Katrina ,
- Hurricane Rita , ,
- Huybrechts, Marc A. ,
- identification of cause of loss –; all-risks insurance –; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures –; exclusions –; indemnity ; marine insurance –; non-marine insurance –; reinsurance –
- immediate cause –, –, , , –, , –; checked Inchmaree Clause , , –; Inchmaree Clause
- implied warranties
- Inchmaree Clause: accidents , ; checked , , –; counterfactual dependence ; immediate cause ; marine insurance , , –; negligence –; perils of the sea –
- indemnity principle: but-for test , , , , ; cause of loss ; concurrent causes , , –, , , –, –; machinery , –, –; marine insurance , –; measure of –; tort , , , , ; United States ; warranties, breach of –,
- independent operations
- indispensable causes , , ,
- industrial diseases
- inevitable consequence test: but-for test ; cause-in-law ; efficiency test ; insured perils ; Marine Insurance Act 1906 , –; non-insured or excluded perils ; proximate cause , –
- ingress of water , , , , , , , , , –,
- inherent vice , , ; all risks ; The Cendor MOPU , , , –; delay ; efficiency test ; external factors –; fortuitous external accidents or casualties –; internal factors –; latent defects ; proximate cause –; seaworthiness ; sole causes –; subject matter insured –, –; unexplainable losses
- inland waters
- Institute Additional Perils Clause (IAPC) ,
- Institute Cargo Clauses: A , , , –, , , ; all risks ; ‘attributable to’, definition of ; B , , ; burden of proof , ; C , ; FPA
- Institute Clauses: Institute Freight Clauses Time ; Institute Freight Clauses Voyage ; Institute Strikes Clause , ; Institute Strikes Riots and Civil Commotions Clause ; Institute Time Clauses Hulls , , , , , , ; Institute Voyage Clauses Hulls ; Institute War Clause , ; see also Institute Cargo Clauses
- insurable interest , , , ,
- insurance –; unexplainable losses , –, –; wear and tear , –, –, ; see also liability insurance
- Insurance Act 2015 , , –; assured's duty of fair presentation –; breaching terms of insurance contracts –; cause and effect ; cause of loss –; fraudulent claims vs. collateral lies –; “qualifying breach” ; “some bearing” ; “terms not relevant to the actual loss” ; “warranties and other terms” ; see also warranties, breach of
- Insurance Contracts Act 1984
- insurance liability, warranties, breach of –
- insured pays
- insured perils –; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures –, ; barratry ; burden of proof –, –, , –, –, ; business interruption cover ; ‘caused by’, definition of –; concurrent causes –, –, , , –, , , , –, –, ; definition ; delay –; excluded peril –; inevitable consequence test ; marine risks , ; one peril that falls into more than one heading of peril ; proximate cause –; ‘proximately’, variations as to , ; seaworthiness –; series of related perils ; subject matter insured –; unexplainable losses , –, –, ; uninsured peril –; wilful misconduct ; see also non-insured or excluded perils: perils of the sea
- insuring clauses , , ; burden of proof ; concurrent causes ; interpretation , , , , , , , –, , –, ; machinery –; risks , ,
- intention: but-for test ; ‘caused by’, definition of –; concurrent causes , , , , –; efficiency test
- interdependent causes , , , ,
- internal causes: apportionment ; The Cendor MOPU , –; concurrent causes –; external causes –; fortuitous external facts –; inherent vice –; intervening causes , ; marine insurance –; marine risks ; perils of the sea –, –; proximate cause –; seaworthiness –; subject matter insured ; see also inherent vice
- International Hull Clauses (IHC)
- interpretation –, –, , , , ; actual causation –; ambiguity , , , , , ; business interruption claims ; but-for test , , –, –, ; and causation –; ‘caused by’, definition in –; cause-in-fact and cause-in-law –; common-sense causation –, –, , , –, , , –, , ; contextual –; contra proferentem rule , ; ejusdem generis rule , ; historical development –; identification of cause of loss –, –; juridical approaches –; marine insurance , –; noscitur a sociis rule ; textual interpretation –; tort , –, –,
- intervening causes –, –, –
- jettison , –
- knowledge , ,
- latent defects ,
- Law Commission ; warranties, breach of –
- legal causation , , , , ; see scope of liability
- legal liability , , , , ; ascription , ; causation for ; judgments on ; language to truncate –; in tort
- Lewis’ theory –
- liability insurance: but-for test –; concurrent causes ; exclusions –; fault –; identification of cause of loss –; negligence –; non-marine risks ; professional indemnity insurance , , –; tort , –
- life assurance
- Lloyd's SG form ,
- loss of a chance: burden of proof –; but-for test –; material contribution , –, –; medical negligence –; standard of proof , ; tort –
- loss of time clauses –,
- machinery , , , –, ; aggregation of losses –; breakdown –, –; calculation of losses –; COVID-19-related BI cover –; factual causation –; failure of ; FCA test , –, ; foreseeability , ; indemnity principle , –, –; insuring clauses –; Marine Insurance Act 1906 –, ; quantification –, ,
- Malone, Wex S.
- marine insurance: all risks ; burden of proof –; common sense approach ; concurrent causes –, –, –, , ; definition ; efficiency test , –, –; historical development of tests –; identification of cause of loss –; Inchmaree Clause , , –; indemnity principle , , –; proximate cause –; seaworthiness ; voyage policies , , –; warranties, breach of –, –; war risks –; see alsohull insurance; inherent vice; Institute Clauses; Marine Insurance Act 1906; perils of the sea; seaworthiness, warranties of; time policies
- Marine Insurance Act 1906 –, ; all risks ; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures –; Australia –; but-for test –; ‘caused by’, definition of , ; delay ; efficiency test , –; exclusions –; historical background –; identification of cause of loss –; included and excluded losses ; inevitable consequence test , –; interpretation –; machinery –, ; marine risks/perils , –; perils of the sea ; privity of assured ; ‘provisions of this Act’ ; proximate cause ; seaworthiness –; subject matter insured –; successive causes –; time order test –; ‘unless policy otherwise provides’ ; utmost good faith ; warranties, breach of , –, –; war risks policy ; wilful misconduct ,
- marine risks –, ; burden of proof , ; defined –; Marine Insurance Act 1906 ; maritime perils –; war risks policy and
- maritime perils: contractual interpretation ; defined
- material contribution , –, –; to risk , , ; injury rule , ,
- materiality , , , , –, –; burden of proof , –; warranties, breach of –,
- matrix of fact , ,
- Mayban test , , , ,
- McArthur, C.
- medical negligence , , –, –
- Merkin, R. , , , , ,
- mesothelioma , –, –
- method of elimination ,
- Mill, J. S.
- Miss Jay Jay principle , , , , –, , –,
- mitigation –
- Moore-Bick, J. , ,
- Moore, M. –, , , , –, –, ,
- moral hazard
- Morgan, J.
- mortality, definition of
- motor insurance
- multiple causes see concurrent causes
- Mustill, J.
- mysterious losses see unexplainable losses
- natural events ,
- nature of subject matter insured , , , , , , , –, , , –; inherent vice –; Marine Insurance Act 1906 ; packing, insufficiency of –
- nearest cause test , ,
- “nearest in time” test ,
- necessary condition test , , ; concurrent causes , –, –
- necessity: defined ; test
- negligence , ; collisions , ; factual causal link ; forms ; gross ; Inchmaree Clause –; liability insurance –; material contribution –; medical negligence , , –, –; privity of assured , , –; professional indemnity insurance ; sue and labour ; wilful misconduct –
- Neill, L. J
- net, causation as a
- New Appleman Insurance Law Practice Guide
- New Zealand –
- non-insured or excluded perils: burden of proof –, ; concurrent cause , , –, –, , ; counterfactual dependence ; inevitable consequence test ; marine risks ; seaworthiness , –; successive torts –
- non-intervention principle
- non-marine insurance: accidents –; business interruption cover –; fault –; identification of cause of loss –; liability insurance –; marine insurance –; motor insurance , ; negligence –; reinsurance –
- non-marine risks, contractual interpretation
- Norwegian Marine Insurance Plan –
- noscitur a sociis approach
- notice of abandonment ,
- novus actus interveniens ,
- occurrence, definition of –
- O’May, D. ,
- one cause see sole-cause situations
- ordinary breakage and leakage
- ordinary perils of the sea , ,
- ordinary wear and tear , , –
- overlapping losses –, ,
- packing, insufficiency of –
- Parks, Alex L.
- partial losses ,
- Pearson, J.
- perils of the sea –, , , ; burden of proof , –, –, –, , ; Clause ; collisions , , ; combination of perils ; definition –, , , –, ; delay –; extraordinary ; foreseeability ; fortuitous accidents or casualties of the sea ; frustration –; historical development ; identification of cause of loss –; immediate cause ; Inchmaree Clause –; inherent vice , –, ; internal causes and external causes –, ; marine perils , ; operative ; ordinary perils , –, , ; proximate cause , , , , , –, –, , ; sea water, incursion of , –; seaworthiness , , –; time order ; unexplainable losses –, –; weather , ; wind and waves, ordinary action of the –, ,
- perils see insured perils;see perils of the sea
- Personal Accident policy
- personal injury –,
- policy limitations , –, , , , ,
- pollution –,
- The Popi M case , –
- Popplewell, J.
- Porat, A.
- precedents , , –, , , , , ,
- preceding causes
- predominant cause , –, ; efficiency test –
- presumptions: burden of proof , –, , –, ; of innocence , , , , –, , –,
- prima facie evidence , –
- privity of assured , , , –
- probabilistic causation
- professional indemnity insurance , ,
- promissory warranty , ,
- proof see burden of proof;see standard of proof
- property insurance , , , –
- protection and indemnity (P&I) liability insurance –
- proximate cause , –, , –; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures –; burden of proof , , –, ; but-for test –, –, ; Causa proxima non remota spectatur principle –; ‘caused by’, definition of –; collisions , –, ; common sense approach , –; damage ; defined ; definition –, ; efficiency test –, ; external causes –; factual matrix ; historical background –; identification of cause of loss –; inevitable consequence test , –; inherent vice –; internal causes –; loss in claims –; marine insurance , , , , –; packing, insufficiency of –; perils of the sea , , , –; proximate, definition of ; ‘proximately’, variations as to , –; seaworthiness , –; successive causes –; tests of causation –; time order test , –; tort –; unexplainable losses –, ; warranties, breach of –; wilful misconduct –
- ‘proximately’, variations as to , –
- proximity doctrine , , , –, ; warranties, breach of
- quantification machinery –, , ; see also machinery
- quantum of loss proof
- real cause , , ,
- reasonable contemplation test
- reasonable expectations
- reinsurance: efficiency test ; occurrence, definition of –; one event, definition of
- remoteness: but-for test –; damage , , , ; delay ; historical development ; marine insurance , , , ; reinsurance ; succeeding causes ; tort –
- repairs: delay –, , , –; discharging and reshipment ; inherent vice , –; negligence ; proximate cause –, ; remoteness
- restraint of princes –
- ‘results from’, definition of
- risk theory
- Road Traffic Act 1988
- Rothstein, P. F.
- safety regulations, breach of ,
- scalarity of causation –
- scope of liability , , –, , , –, , –
- scuttling , , –, –,
- seaworthiness, warranties of –; ‘a cause’ test –; ‘attributable to’, definition of , –; burden of proof , , –; but-for test –; definition –, –; due diligence ; effective cause , ; efficiency test , –; external causes –; goods –; hull insurance , , ; identification of cause of loss –; implied warranties –, ; inherent vice ; internal causes –; interpretation ; Marine Insurance Act 1906 –, ; non-insured or excluded perils , –; perils of the sea, interaction with other , , ; presumptions –; privity of assured , –; proximate cause –, –; reasonably, meaning of ; test of causation –; time policies –, –; unexplainable losses –; variation of contracts , ; voyage policies , , , –; weather , ; wilful misconduct, definition of
- seizure, confiscation and capture , –, , , , , , ,
- sexual assault
- Shelltime
- ‘Sherlock Holmes dictum’
- shipbuilding contracts
- Simon, J.
- sine qua non , , , ,
- Single Business Interruption Loss (SBIL)
- single causes see sole-cause situations
- Siopis, J.
- sole-cause situations , ; ‘arising out of one event’, definition of ; concurrent causes , , –, , , –, , , ; ‘solely, definition of
- standard of proof , , –, , ; see also burden of proof
- standard terms see Institute Clauses
- Stapleton, J. , , , , , , , , , , –
- Steele, J.
- Stein, A
- strict liability ,
- strike clauses , –
- Stuart-Smith, L. J.
- subject matter see nature of subject matter insured
- subrogation , ,
- successive causes –, ; correlation
- sue and labour –
- Summers, A. –
- suspensive effect
- ‘take the plaintiff as they find him’ principle –
- terminology , , , ,
- terrorism
- tests of causation –, ; application ; but-for test ; historical development –; Marine Insurance Act 1906, proximate cause under –; proximate cause under –; seaworthiness –
- textual interpretation –
- third possible solution theory
- time charterparties –
- time order test –; certainty ; chain of events ; charterparty clauses ; concurrent causes –; delay , ; efficiency test ; historical development –, , ; immediate or direct loss –; marine insurance –, ; materiality test ; perils of the sea ; proximate cause ; successive causes
- time policies , –, –; Institute Time Clauses
- tortious liabilities , , ,
- tort law , , ; accident compensation system ; breach of duty as causing loss –, , , , ; burden of proof , , , ; but-for test –; concurrent causes –, ; damages –, –, –; factual causation , ; fault , , , , ; foreseeability , , –; intervening acts –; material contribution , –, –; multiple causes ; necessary condition test ; one tort scenarios –; proximate cause –; remoteness –; strict liability , ; subrogation ; successive torts –; ‘take the plaintiff as they find him’ principle –; see also negligence
- total loss , –; actual total loss –, ; constructive total loss , , , , ; fire
- towage
- trends clauses , , –, –,
- Tucker, J. –
- unexplainable losses: burden of proof –; circumstantial evidence ; definition ; elimination approach –; “evidentiary gap” cases in tort –; fortuity , ; mysterious disappearance clauses , –; perils of the sea –, –; The Popi M –; presumptions –, , –, ; proximate cause –, ; seaworthiness –; third possible solution theory ; unexplainability –
- uninsured risks see non-insured or excluded perils
- United States: concurrent causes , , , , ; indemnity principle ; intervening causes ; noninsured or excluded perils
- unities doctrine
- ‘unless policy otherwise provides’: definition of
- unseaworthiness see seaworthiness; warranties of
- utmost good faith , , –
- vicissitude of life principle ,
- voyage policies , , , , –, , , , –, –, –, –, , –; animals ; Australia ; commencement , , ; designated , ; failure of machinery ; implied warranty in –; marine insurance ; perils of sea , –; sea conditions and weather ; seaworthiness, warranties of ; shipping ; threat of perils ; unexplainability ; unseaworthiness in , ; vessel Kastor Too
- warehouse policies
- war-like operations , –
- warn, failure to
- warranties, breach of –; assured's non-compliance –; Australia ; burden of proof ; but-for test , ; causal connection test –, –, ; express warranties ; free of capture or seizure ; implied warranties –, , ; indemnity principle –, ; insurance liability –; Law Commission –; marine insurance –, –; Marine Insurance Act 1906 , –, –; materiality –, ; promissory warranty , , ; proximate cause of loss –; proximity doctrine ; standard terms –; suspensive effect ; warranties, defined ; see also seaworthiness; warranties of
- war risks policy , , –, , , , , –; contractual interpretation ; frustration clause in ; Marine Insurance Act 1906 ; maritime risks and ,
- water, ingress of , , , , , , , , , –,
- Wayne Tank principle –, –, , –, , –,
- wear and tear , , –, –, ,
- weather , –, , –, –, , , , ; see alsowind and waves, ordinary action of
- wilful misconduct of assureds –; agents ; apprehension of peril and mitigation measures ; burden of proof , –, –; definition –; efficiency test ; fraudulent claims ; inherent vice ; insurable interest ; Marine Insurance Act 1906, exclusions under –; negligence –; proximate cause –; safety regulations, breach of , ; scuttling , ; seaworthiness
- wind and waves, ordinary action of , , –, ,
- ‘winner-takes-all-principle’
- Wright, Richard W. , , ,
- wrongful act policy –, , , , ,