Index

• accidents, human errors in,
• Achille Lauro incident,
• Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications Initiative (AAWA),
• Airbus A330-303,
• Al Madinah (frigate),
• American Samoa, pilotage regulation in,
• Angliss case (1927), –
• Arnould,
• artificial intelligence,
  • limitations, –
  • P&I Club rules, –
  • and vicarious liability,
• ASKO,
• assured person, ,
• Australia
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • pilotage regulation in,
• Autoferry, ,
• automated systems
  • good seamanship, –
  • insufficient knowledge of, –
  • risks,
  • system failure,
• automated vessels
  • definition of,
  • seaworthiness,
• automation
  • versus autonomy,
  • levels of, , –
• automation systems,
• Automation/Autonomy Inchmaree clause, ,
• autonomous offender ships,
  • commission of piracy by crew, –
  • piracy using, –
  • SUA offenses, –
• autonomous ships/vessels, –
  • acceptance by public,
  • cargoworthiness,
  • definition of,
  • described, –
  • good seamanship, –
  • hull insurance, –
  • infrastructure for, –
  • labor costs vs. capital costs, –
  • manning,
  • navigational risks, –
  • negligence in operating or monitoring systems, –
  • overview,
  • pilotage, –
  • product liability, –
  • proper manning,
  • risks factors, –
  • seaworthiness, –
  • ship and cargo safety,
  • shipowner’s liability,
  • and STCW Article III,
  • strict liability, –
  • third-party repairmen,
  • vicarious liability, –
• autonomous surface vehicles,
• autonomous systems
  • accumulated experience,
  • adapting to new situations, –
  • ethical dilemmas, –
  • and human errors, –
  • quality assurance, –
  • transparency, –
• autonomous technology, –

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    versus automation,
  • duty of care, –
  • negligence, tort of, –
  • overview, , –
  • product liability,
• autonomy. See also manning; ship automation; technical capability
  • constrained,
  • definition of, ,
  • degrees of, –
  • and fault liability, –
  • full,
  • levels of, –,
  • and manning, –
  • monitored,
  • no,
  • scope of, , ,
  • and technical capability, –
• aviation, strict liability in,

• The B Atlantic,
• back-up drivers, in self-driving cars, –
• Baer, W. S.,
• barratry, , , , , ,
• Belgium,
• Biener, C.,
• biochemical weapons,
• biological weapons,
• black box, , ,
• Bloom’s taxonomy, –
• Boeing 737 Max 8 incidents, ,
• Brækhus, S.,
• Bramwell, Lord,
• Bravur case (Denmark),
• breach of duty, –
  • producer warnings, –
  • product testing, –
  • regulatory compliance, –
  • safety records, –
  • trials, –
• British Standards Institute (BSI) standards,
• burden of proof,

• cameras,
• Canada
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • pilotage regulation in,
• Canadian Marine Pilots’ Association,
• capture at sea, ,
• cargoworthiness, ,
• casualties,
• celestial charts,
• central limit theorem,
• certification requirements,
• charterers,
• chemical weapons,
• China, pilotage regulation in, –
• Cita,
• Civil Aviation Authority,
• civil war,
• Class Guidelines for Autonomous and Remotely Operated Ships,
• classification societies, –,
• CLC Convention,
• Code of Practice (CoP),
• cognitive control, loss of, –
• collision
  • avoidance,
  • liability rules,
  • strict liability rule in, –
• Collision Convention (1910), , ,
• COLREGs, , , , , , , ,
• Commercial Court,
• Commune de Mesquer v. Total SA International Ltd.,
• compulsory pilotage,
• confiscation, ,
• constantly manned vessels,
  • and constrained autonomy,
  • and no autonomy,
• constantly unmanned vessels,
  • and full autonomy,
• constrained autonomy, . See also autonomy
  • and constantly manned vessels,
  • and periodically manned vessels,
• Consumer Protection Act 1987 (UK),
• Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA), , –
  • article 3, –
  • article 3bis(1)(a), –
  • article 3bis(1)(b)(i),
  • article 4(1),
  • article 4(2),
  • categories of ships, –
  • definition of piracy,
  • definition of ship, –
  • offences, –,

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  Page 297

  Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with respect to Collisions between Vessels,
• Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,
• Convention on the High Seas (1958),
• Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), , ,
• Council Directive 85/374/EEC,
• Court of Appeal, –
• Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU),
• crew
  • autonomous offender ships, –
  • composition and size of, –,
  • P&I Club rules,
  • periodically unmanned ships, –,
  • piracy, –
• Criminal Code (1889) (Finland),
• Croatia, pilotage exemption in,
• Cyber Attack Exclusion Clause (CL380 10/03), –,
• cyber risk insurance,
• cyber risks, –
• cyber security, –,
• cyber-attack clause, , ,
• Cyprus, pilotage exemption in,

• damages,
• data,
• The DC Merwestone,
• decision support,
• deductibles,
• deep learning neural networks, –
• defective design,
• defectiveness concept, –
• degrees of autonomy, –
  • IMO stages of,
  • regulatory scoping exercise, –
• Denmark, strict liability law,
• depredation, –
• design, error in, –
• desirability of activity,
• detention, and piracy, –
• deux ex machina,
• development risk defense, –
• diabolus ex machina, , ,
• digital lookout,
• Dijkstra, Edsger,
• DNV-GL,
• double status,
• drone boats,
• due care,
• duty of care, –
  • extent of duty and recipients, –
  • and liability,
• duty of disclosure, ,

• electromagnetic weapons,
• Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS),
• Eling, M.,
• EMIA Section 55(2),
• enforcement ships,
• enforcer ships,
• English law, vicarious liability, –
  • basic principles, –
  • Muncaster Castle case, –
• enterprise liability, –
• entry-level seaworthiness,
• equipment, definition of,
• “error in design” provision, –
• Estonia, pilotage exemption in,
• ethical dilemmas, –
• EU Product Liability Directive,
• The Eurasian Dream (2002),
• European Union
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • product liability directive,
• exclusive economic zone (EEZ), ,
• experience, accumulation of, –
• explosive materials,
• expropriation, ,

• Facilitation Committee, IMO,
• fault liability
  • and level of autonomy, –
  • limits of,
  • manufacturers vs. operators,
• fault-based rules, –
  • adaptation (stretching) of,
  • anonymous and cumulative faults,
  • burden of proof,
  • flexibility,
• Finland,
• fixed platforms, definition of, ,
• flag states,
  • P&I Club requirements, –,
  • and regulatory requirements

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    for highly automated vessels, –, –
  • SOLAS Regulation I-4(b), –
• flight data recorders, –
• fly-by-wire system,
• force majeure,
• foreign state power,
• fortuity, knowledge pattern changes, –
• full autonomy/fully autonomous mode. See also autonomy
  • and constantly unmanned vessels,
  • and decision support,
  • definition of,
  • duties of the master,

• Gard P&I Rules,
• German Supreme Court,
• global positioning system (GPS),
• good seamanship, –
  • versus autonomous systems,
  • behavior characterization, –
  • and collision avoidance, ,
  • COLREGs rules, ,
  • of computer systems, –
  • definition of, –
  • lack of, –
  • and liability, –
  • reasonable care and skill,
  • as standard of care, –
• Great Lakes, pilotage regulation in,
• Greece, pilotage exemption in,
• gross negligence,
• Guam, pilotage regulation in,
• Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships,
• gyroscope,

• Hague Visby Rules, ,
• Halsbury, Lord,
• Hamburg Court of Appeal,
• Hanstholm–Lindesnes line,
• hardware failure,
• “harm against ships” offences, –
• Harvard Draft Convention of 1932,
• hazardous materials,
• high impact low frequency (HILF), –
• high seas,
• highly automated vessels. See also autonomous ships/vessels
  • definition of,
  • domestic regulatory requirements, –
  • international regulatory requirements, –
  • release from regulatory requirements, –
  • seaworthiness,
  • specific legislation for experimentation, –
  • switch mechanism, –
  • terminology, –
• Hindustan SS Co v Siemens, –
• The Hongkong Fir (1961),
• Hongkong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd. v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. (1962),
• House of Lords, –,
• Houthi rebels, , , , ,
• hull and machinery insurance. See hull insurance
• hull insurance, –, ,
  • duty of care,
  • duty of disclosure, ,
  • “error in design” provision, –
  • exclusion for inadequate maintenance, –
  • gross negligence,
  • hull interest insurance,
  • identification, –
  • insurance against marine perils, –
  • insurance against war risks, –
  • insured event,
  • marine perils, –
  • Nordic Marine Insurance Plan, –
  • ordinary,
  • overview, , –
  • perils insured against, –
  • regulation of, –
  • reinsurance, –
  • risk factors in autonomous ships, –
  • risk management, –
  • safety regulations, –
  • scope of cover,
• hull interest insurance,
• human errors, , , –
• human navigational risks, –
  • decisions to cover,
  • fortuity, –
  • knowledge pattern changes, –
  • moral hazard, –

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    Page 299

    non-ROC staff interventions, –
  • reckless risk-taking,
  • ROC staff status,
• human versus autonomous systems
  • accumulation of experience, –
  • adapting to new situations, –
  • errors, –
  • ethical dilemmas, –
  • quality assurance, –
  • transparency, –

• identification of assured, –
• inadequate maintenance, –
• Inchmaree clause, –
• independent contractors,
• individual HILF events,
• information,
• Information Technology Device (IT hazard), , –
• Information Technology Hazards Clause (Clause 17),
• information technology (IT) systems, –
• initial seaworthiness, –
• insolvency,
• Institute Cyber Attack Exclusion Clause,
• Institute of London Underwriters, ,
• Institute Time Clauses Hull (ITCH),
• insurance, –
  • cyber risk,
  • premiums,
  • shipowner’s liability, –
• insurance, hull, –,
  • duty of care,
  • duty of disclosure, ,
  • “error in design” provision, –
  • exclusion for inadequate maintenance, –
  • gross negligence,
  • hull interest insurance,
  • identification, –
  • insurance against marine perils, –
  • insurance against war risks, –
  • insured event,
  • marine perils, –
  • Nordic Marine Insurance Plan, –
  • ordinary,
  • overview, , –
  • perils insured against, –
  • regulation of, –
  • reinsurance, –
  • risk factors in autonomous ships, –
  • risk management, –
  • safety regulations, –
  • scope of cover,
• insurance, marine
  • coverage, –
  • cyber risks, –
  • hardware failure,
  • history, –
  • Inchmaree clause, –
  • IT hazard, –
  • negligence in operating or monitoring systems of autonomous ship, –
  • overview, –
  • proximate cause, –
  • risk allocation, –
  • software failure,
• insurance, property and indemnity (P&I), –
  • absence of seafarers, –
  • artificial intelligence, –
  • claims history,
  • classification societies, –,
  • coverage,
  • definition of ship,
  • IG Autonomous Vessels Working Group, –
  • international group,
  • and MASS, –
  • overview, –
  • pooling, –
  • product liability, –
  • reinsurance, –
  • remote operators, –
  • standards, –
• Insurance Contract Act,
• insured evens,
• intelligence, –,
• intelligent systems, functional mechanisms,
• Interim Guidelines for MASS Trials, , –, ,
• International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), ,
  • chapter 5 regulation 23.(2.2),
  • chapter 5 regulation 33.1,
  • flag states, –
  • Regulation I-4(b), –

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    Page 300

    Regulation V/14,
  • and scoping exercises,
• International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1966),
• International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (SCTW), , ,
  • Article III, ,
  • pilotage rules,
  • Regulation I/13,
  • regulation VIII/2 section 2, –
  • and scoping exercises,
  • sections A-II to A-IV,
• International Court of Justice (IJC),
• International Law Commission (ILC), –
• International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (ISM Code),
• International Maritime Organization (IMO),
  • activities, –
  • Facilitation Committee,
  • Interim Guidelines for MASS Trials,
  • interim guidelines MASS trials, –
  • Legal Committee,
  • Legal Committee and Facilitation Committee,
  • Marine Environment Protection Committee,
  • Maritime Safety Committee,
  • overview, , –
  • pilotage regulation,
  • Regulatory Scoping Exercise, , , –, –, , ,
  • Safety Committee,
• International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs), , , , , , , ,
• ionising radiations,
• Ireland, pilotage exemption in,
• iron ships, –
• Italy, pilotage exemption in,

• Joint Excess Loss Clauses (JELC) CL 432, ,

• Knight, Frank,
• knowledge pattern changes, human navigational risks, –
• Kujala, P.,
• Kystverket, pilotage regulation in,

• labor costs, –
• Ladogales cadse (Norway),
• Lambson Aviation case,
• Latvia, pilotage exemption in,
• law of large numbers,
• learning algorithms,
• Legal Committee, IMO,
• lex specialis,
• liability, –
  • for bad seamanship, –
  • bases for, –
  • desirability of activity and,
  • enterprise, –
  • and insurance,
  • limitations,
  • negligence,
  • strict, –
  • vicarious,
• liability, shipowner’s, –
  • assessment, –
  • carriage of passengers,
  • current rules on,
  • fault liability, –
  • fault liability limits,
  • finding negligence, –, –
  • insurance, –
  • and level of autonomy, , –
  • and negligence,
  • in oil pollution,
  • and product liability, –
  • in unmanned ships, –
  • vicarious liability,
• liability, strict, –, –
  • in aviation,
  • basis of,
  • Danish law,
  • defining, –
  • English law, –
  • general development,
  • legislation, –
  • liability for technical failure,
  • and maritime law, –
  • Marna Hepso case,
  • Neptun case,
  • Norwegian law, –
  • scope of, –
  • in ship collision, –
  • Sokrates case,
  • Uthaug case, –

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  Page 301

  liability, vicarious, , –,
  • and artificial intelligence,
  • basic principles, –
  • basis for,
  • English law, –
  • enterprise liability approach to, –
  • independent contractors,
  • Muncaster Castle case, –
  • non-contractual, –
  • Norwegian law, –
  • premises of, –
  • restrictive approach to, –
  • tort,
• liability insurance, –
• liability law
  • human errors, –
  • implications of, –
  • primer, –
• LIDARs,
• liquidity, lack of,
• Lithuania, pilotage exemption in,
• Lloyd’s,
  • SG form,
  • SG policy, ,
• Lloyd’s Market,
• Lloyd’s Market Association (LMA),
• Lloyd’s Register,
• load lines,
• loss cascades,
• loss randomness,
• LR Code for Unmanned Maritime Systems,

• machine learning, –, ,
• machine systems, and human errors, –
• Maersk NotPetya incident,
• maintenance, –
• The Makedonia (1962),
• Manifest Shipping Co. Ltd. v Uni-Polaris Shipping Co. Ltd. (1997),
• manning, –. See also ship automation
  • autonomous vessels, ,
  • and autonomy, –
  • composition and size of crew, –
  • definition of,
  • Hague Visby Rules, ,
  • levels,
  • maritime training requirements for seafarers, –
  • medical fitness requirements for seafarers, –
  • periodically unmanned ships, –
  • remote,
  • remotely controlled ships, –
  • Rotterdam Rules,
  • and seaworthiness,
  • and technical capability, –
  • unmanned ships, –
  • working hours, –
• manual navigation
  • accumulation of experience in, –
  • errors in,
• Marc Rich & Co AG v Bishop Rock Marine Co Ltd (The Nicholas H),
• Marine Autonomous Systems Regulatory Working Group (MASRWG),
• Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), IMO,
• marine insurance
  • coverage, –
  • cyber risks, –
  • hardware failure,
  • history, –
  • Inchmaree clause, –
  • IT hazard, –
  • negligence in operating or monitoring systems of autonomous ship, –
  • overview, –
  • proximate cause, –
  • risk allocation, –
  • software failure,
• Marine Insurance Act (1906) (England),
• Marine Insurance Act (1906) (United Kingdom),
• marine perils, insurance against, –
• Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), ,
  • best practice documentation,
  • Code of Practice,
  • definition of, ,
  • human navigational risks, –
  • IMO rules, , , –
  • interim guidelines for trials, –,

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    Page 302

    maximum losses, –
  • navigational risk randomness, –
  • navigational risks, insuring, –
  • overview, –
  • property and indemnity insurance, –
  • regulatory challenges, –
  • regulatory scoping exercise, –
  • type A vessels,
  • type B vessels,
  • type C vessels,
  • type D vessels,
  • type E vessels,
• Maritime Code (2018) (Denmark),
• Maritime Code (Norway),
• Maritime Labour Convention, maritime training requirements for seafarers,
• maritime liability, –
• maritime perils, definition of,
• Maritime Safety Administration of the PRC,
• Maritime Safety Committee (MSC),
• Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence Networks (MUNIN),
• Marna Hepso case (Norway),
• MASS Working Group,
• master of the ship, –
  • duties of, –
  • emergency situations,
  • negligence, –
  • and pilot, –
• master officers crew, negligence of,
• maximum cyber losses,
• maximum possible losses, extent of,
• millennium clause (1999),
• Mississippi River,
• mobile offshore units,
• moderately talented person,
• monitored autonomy,
  • and periodically manned vessels,
• Montewka, J.,
• moral hazard, human navigational risks, –
• mother vessels,
• motor-ships, –
• Muncaster Castle case, –
  • Court of Appeal, –
  • House of Lords, –
• Mustill, Lord,

• naked software risk, –
  • cyber loss randomness, –
  • cyber risk insurance,
  • maximum cyber losses,
  • maximum MASS losses, –
  • navigational risk randomness, –
• narcotics smuggling,
• navigation, accumulation of experience in, –
• navigational risks
  • insuring, –
  • randomness, –
  • type A vessels,
  • type B vessels,
  • type C vessels,
  • type D vessels,
  • type E vessels,
• ND 1973.348 NSC UTHAUG, , , –
• ND 1995.163 DSC BRAVUR,
• negligence, , , , , ,
  • bad seamanship, –
  • breach of duty, –
  • duty of care, –
  • in ensuring ship safety, –
  • finding, –
  • liability for,
  • of master of the ship, –
  • in operating or monitoring systems of autonomous ship, –
  • of remote crew, –
  • and shipowner’s liability, –,
  • use of unmanned ships as per se, –
• Neptun case (Norway),
• Netherlands
  • Article 5 Shipping Act (1909),
  • general legislation for experimentation,
  • specific legislation for experimentation, –
• new situations, adapting to, –
• NMIP Version 2007,
• no autonomy,
  • and constantly manned vessels,
• non-contractual vicarious liability, –
• Nordic Insurance Contract Acts,
• Nordic Marine Insurance Plan (NP), , –
  • casualty,

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    Clause 12-3, –
  • Clause 12-4,
  • Clause 2-8, –
  • Clause 3-1,
  • Clause 3-22, –
  • Clause 3-25, –
  • Clause 3-33,
  • Clause 3-36, –
  • duty of care,
  • duty of disclosure, ,
  • “error in design” provision, –
  • exclusion for inadequate maintenance, –
  • gross negligence,
  • identification, –
  • insurance against marine perils, –
  • insurance against war risks, –
  • insured event,
  • overview, –
  • perils insured against, –
  • safety regulations, –
  • scope of cover,
• Nordic Plan Agreement,
• Nordic Ship Safety Acts,
• Northern Mariana Islands, pilotage regulation in,
• Norvig,
• Norway
  • m/v YARA Birkeland project,
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • strict liability law, , –
  • Tort Act,
  • vicarious liability, –
• Norwegian Coastal Administration (Kystverket),
• Norwegian Hull Club,
• Norwegian law
  • strict liability, –
  • vicarious liability, –
• Norwegian Marine Insurance Plan 1996 (NMIP) Version 1999,
• Norwegian Marine Insurance Plan (NMIP)
  • Clause 3-32,
  • Clause 3-33,
  • Clause 3-36,
• Norwegian Ship Safety Act,
• Norwegian Supreme Court,
• Norwegian University for Technology and Natural Sciences (NTNU),
• Norwegian War Risk Association, ,

• offender ships, . See also victim ships
  • autonomous, –
  • categories,
  • elements of automation, –
• oil pollution,
• on-board crew, –
  • minimum,
  • offender ships,
  • reduction of,
• operational technology (OT) systems, –
• operators, P&I Club rules, –
• ordinary hull insurance,
• ordinary practice of seamen,
• own state power,
• Oxman,

• P&I Clubs, –
  • absence of seafarers, –
  • artificial intelligence, –
  • claims history,
  • classification societies, –,
  • coverage,
  • definition of ship,
  • IG Autonomous Vessels Working Group, –
  • international group,
  • and MASS, –
  • overview, –
  • pooling, –
  • product liability, –
  • reinsurance, –
  • remote operators, –
  • standards, –
• Papera Traders Co. Ltd. & Others v Hyundai Merchant Marine Co. Ltd. (The Eurasian Dream),
• Parkinson, A.,
• passenger, definition of,
• passengers, autonomous ships,
• perils of the sea, –
• periodically manned vessels,
  • and constrained autonomy,
  • and monitored autonomy,
• periodically unmanned ships
  • composition and size of crew, –,
  • manning, –
  • maritime training requirements for seafarers, –
  • medical fitness requirements for seafarers, –
  • working hours, –

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  Page 304

  pillage,
• pilot
  • definition of, –
  • and master, –
• pilot transfer arrangements,
• pilotage, –
  • of autonomous ships, –
  • compulsory, –
  • exemption certificate, –
  • exemptions, –
  • IMO rules,
  • local regulations, –
  • remote, –
  • of remotely controlled vessels, –
  • scoping exercises,
  • shore-based operators, –, ,
  • STCW Convention rules,
• Pilotage Act (Finland),
• pilots, negligence of,
• piracy
  • autonomous offender ships, –
  • commission by crew, –
  • and cyber-attacks,
  • definition of, –, 298
  • definition of ship, –
  • depredation, –
  • detention, –
  • violent acts, –
• plunder,
• pooling agreement, –
• Port State Control,
• post-circulation produce warning, –
• prancing,
• pre-circulation producer warning, –
• premiums,
• priority status,
• private nuisance, –
• producer
  • and autonomous technology,
  • shipowner,
  • shipyards, –
  • software designer, –
  • warnings, –
• product liability, , , –
  • and autonomous technology,
  • and bad seamanship,
  • defectiveness concept, –
  • development risk defense, –
  • European Union,
  • insurance, –,
  • limitations,
  • and maritime shipowner liability, –
  • overview,
  • P&I Club rules, –
  • ship as product and shipyard as producer, –
  • software as product and software designer as producer, –
  • system errors, –
• Product Liability Directive (PLD), –,
• product standards,
• product testing, –
• property and indemnity insurance (P&I), –
  • absence of seafarers, –
  • artificial intelligence, –
  • claims history,
  • classification societies, –,
  • coverage,
  • definition of ship,
  • IG Autonomous Vessels Working Group, –
  • international group,
  • and MASS, –
  • overview, –
  • pooling, –
  • product liability, –
  • reinsurance, –
  • remote operators, –
  • standards, –
• proximate cause, –
• prudent owner test,
• Puerto Rico, pilotage regulation in,
• pure design,

• quality assurance, –

• RACE II clause, ,
• radars,
• radioactive materials,
• radioactivity,
• reckless risk-taking,
• Regulation I-4(b) SOLAS, 7104
• regulatory compliance, –
• regulatory requirements, –
  • exemptions, –
  • general legislation for experimentation,
  • group exemptions versus individual dispensations, –

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    Page 305

    international plane, –
  • release from, –
  • specific legislation for experimentation, –
  • switch mechanism,
• Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE), , , –, –, , ,
  • comment, –
  • degrees of autonomy used, –
  • IMO activities, –
• reinsurance, –, –
• remote crew,
  • control of several vessels simultaneously, –
  • data of adequate quality for, –
  • negligence, –
  • offender ships, ,
  • sea-going experience,
  • and shipowner’s liability,
• remote manning,
• remote operability
  • definition of,
  • technical limitations,
• remote operation centers (ROCs),
  • non-ROC staff interventions, –
  • staff status,
• remote operators, P&I Club rules, –
• remote pilotage, –
• remotely controlled boats/vessels
  • commission of crimes through, –
  • commission of SUA offences, –
  • described,
  • manning, –
  • master of the ship, –
  • pilotage, –
  • scope and autonomy of,
  • seaworthiness, –
  • terminology, . See also autonomous ships/vessels
  • without on-board crew,
• remotely controlled vessels, shipowner’s liability,
• repairers,
• res ipsa loquitor doctrine,
• respondeat superior. See vicarious liability
• ReVolt,
• riots,
• risk(s)
  • allocation, –
  • cyber, –
  • human navigational, –
  • management, –
  • naked software, –
  • reckless risk-taking,
  • sharing,
  • war,
• Road Transport Act (1981) (Finland),
• robbery,
• Romania, pilotage exemption in,
• Rotterdam Rules,
• Royal Decree of 1 December 1975 (Belgium),
• Russell,
• Rylands v Fletcher,

• sabotage,
• safe containers,
• safety records, –
• safety regulations, –
• SBOs (shore-based operators), –, , , –
• scoping exercises, , , –, –, , ,
  • comment, –
  • degrees of autonomy used, –
  • IMO activities, –
• seafarers, absence of, –
• seamanship, –
  • versus autonomous systems,
  • behavior characterization, –
  • and collision avoidance, ,
  • COLREGs rules, ,
  • of computer systems, –
  • definition of, –
  • lack of, –
• seamen, P&I Club rules,
• search and rescue (SAR),
• seaworthiness, –
  • of autonomous vessels, –
  • cargoworthiness, ,
  • defined,
  • entry-level,
  • failure to comply,
  • initial, –
  • manning,
  • prudent owner test,
  • requirements,
  • specific, ,
• Selborne, Lord,
• self-driving cars
  • back-up drivers,
  • liability in accidents, –

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  Page 306

  Selvig, E.,
• semi-autonomous systems, human errors in,
• sensors,
• ship(s)
  • categories, –
  • defectiveness concept, –
  • definition of, –, –, –
  • development risk defense, –
  • evolution, –
  • product liability, –
  • property and indemnity insurance, –
  • system errors, –
• ship automation
  • autonomy, –
  • elements of, –,
  • intelligence, –
  • manning, –
  • remote operability,
  • technical capability, –
• shipowner
  • and autonomous technology,
  • double status,
  • duty of care, –
  • as producer,
• shipowner’s liability, –
  • assessment, –
  • carriage of passengers,
  • current rules on,
  • fault liability, –
  • fault liability limits,
  • finding negligence, –, –
  • insurance, –
  • and level of autonomy, , –
  • and negligence,
  • in oil pollution,
  • and product liability, –
  • in unmanned ships, –
  • vicarious liability,
• Shipping Act (Netherlands), Article 5,
• shipyards
  • as producer, –
  • and product liability, –
  • tort claims,
• shore-based operators (SBOs), –, , , –
• Singapore, pilotage exemption in,
• Slovenia, pilotage exemption in,
• software
  • defectiveness concept, –
  • definition of,
  • development risk defense, –
  • failure,
  • as a product, –
  • product liability, –
  • system errors, –
  • testing,
• software designer
  • as producer, –
  • product liability, –
• Sokrates case (Norway),
• SOLAS Convention, ,
  • chapter 5 regulation 23.(2.2),
  • chapter 5 regulation 33.1,
  • flag states, –
  • Regulation I-4(b), –
  • Regulation V/14,
  • and scoping exercises,
• South Korea, pilotage regulation in,
• Soyer, B.,
• special trade passenger ship instruments,
• specific seaworthiness, ,
• Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), ,
  • Article III,
  • pilotage rules,
  • Regulation I/13,
  • regulation VIII/2 section 2, –
  • and scoping exercises,
  • sections A-II to A-IV,
• The Star Sea (1996),
• state power
  • foreign,
  • own,
• statistical loss experience data,
• steam engines, –
• steam ships, –
• strict liability, –, –
  • in aviation,
  • basis of,
  • Danish law,
  • defining, –
  • English law, –
  • legislation, –
  • Norwegian law, –
  • scope of, –
  • in ship collision, –
• strict liability, Norwegian law
  • general development,
  • liability for technical failure,
  • and maritime law, –
  • Marna Hepso case,

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    Page 307

    Neptun case,
  • Sokrates case,
  • Uthaug case, –
• SUA Convention (1988),
  • definition of piracy,
  • definition of ship, –
  • offences,
• SUA Convention (2005), –
  • article 3, –
  • article 3bis(1)(a), –
  • article 3bis(1)(b)(i),
  • article 4(1),
  • article 4(2),
  • categories of ships, –
  • definition of piracy,
  • definition of ship, –
  • offences, –
• submarines,
• submersibles,
• suppression conventions,
• Swedish Government Ordinance,
• Swedish Maritime Code,
• Swedish Vessel Safety Act,
• system errors, –
• system failure. See also technical failure
  • definition of,
  • insurance against,
• system standards, –

• technical capability, –. See also autonomy; manning; ship automation
  • and autonomy, –
  • definition of,
  • intelligence, –
  • and manning, –
  • remote operability,
  • using,
• technical failure, –
  • external causes leading to system failure,
  • genuine, –
  • insufficient knowledge of automated systems’ capabilities, –
  • interface between automated system and human conduct, –
  • liability for (Norwegian law),
  • Neptun case (Norway),
  • Sokrates case (Norway),
  • taxonomy of, –
• terminology,
• terrorism,
• terrorists, modus operandi of,
• Tesla. Nikola,
• Texas, pilotage regulation in,
• third-party repairmen,
• tonnage measurement,
• tort,
• toxic materials,
• transparency, –
• transponders,
• Transport Board, ,
• “transportation” offences,
• trials, –
• Turkey, pilotage regulation in,
• type A vessels,
• type B vessels,
• type C vessels,
• type D vessels,
• type E vessels,

• Uber self-driving car, –, ,
• UNCLOS, , ,
  • article 101,
  • article 101(a)(i), , , , –, –
  • article 105,
  • article 110,
  • article 94(4)(b),
  • definition of piracy, –
• United Kingdom
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • pilotage regulation in,
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. See UNCLOS
• United States
  • pilotage exemption in,
  • pilotage regulation in,
• unmanned ships,
  • categories, –
  • composition and size of crew, –,
  • finding negligence in, –
  • manning of, –
  • maritime training requirements for seafarers, –
  • master of the ship, –
  • medical fitness requirements for seafarers, –
  • onboard manning,
  • overview, –
  • periodically, –
  • remote crew, –
  • remotely controlled, –
  • shipowner’s liability in, , –

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    Page 308

    use of, as per se negligence, –
  • working hours, –
• unmanned surface vehicles,
• U.S. Virgin Islands, pilotage regulation in,
• Uthaug case, , , –

• very large crude carriers (VLCCs),
• vicarious liability, , –,
  • and artificial intelligence,
  • basic principles, –
  • basis for,
  • English law, –
  • enterprise liability approach to, –
  • independent contractors,
  • Muncaster Castle case, –
  • non-contractual, –
  • Norwegian law, –
  • premises of, –
  • restrictive approach to, –
  • tort,
• victim ships, , , . See also offender ships
• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), article 31,
• violent acts, and piracy, –
• virtual security,
• virus programs,

• war,
• war risks, insurance against,
• war-like conditions,
• Watt, James,
• West India and Panama Telegraph Company v Home and Colonial Marine Insurance Company,
• Wetterstein, P.,
• Wilmer, L. J.,
• Wirfs, J. H.,
• wooden ships,
• working hours, –
• Wróbel, K.,

• YARA Birkeland, ,