Contractual Estoppel
Page 258
Index
Index
- Account
- Acknowledgment of debt
- Acknowledgment of property interest
- Admission
-
Agreed statement
- agrees fact or proposition as true ,
- “basis of contract” see “Basis of contract”
- characterisation –
- as consideration
- contractual character ,
- distinct from promise of action –,
- distinct from promise of truth , –, , ,
- distinct from representation of fact –
- evidence, and
- falsity irrelevant
- form irrelevant –
- knowledge of falsity irrelevant –
- not part of written contract –
- part of written contract
- resolves matter in issue between contracting parties –
- Assignment
- Basis clause
- “Basis of contract”
- Collateral warranty
- Composite clause
- Compromise agreement
-
Conclusive evidence clause
- “as is”
- debt –
- distinct from deeming clause
- effect
- expert determination, analogy with
-
issues of fact, law and mixedPage 259
- loan guarantee –
- manifest error –
- scope
- self-certification
- Consideration
- Consumer protection
-
Contract
- basis see “Basis of contract”
- capacity as limit to contractual estoppel
- distinct from estoppel –
- distinct from unconscionability –,
- exchange of promises ,
- incomplete ,
- policy basis for enforcement
- prior requirement to contractual estoppel ,
- subject to contract dealings –
- unenforceable
- void , ,
- voidable , –,
- “Contractual convention”
- Contractual discretion
-
Contractual estoppel
- see also Agreed statement
- aligned with estoppel by deed –
- circuity of action
- equitable exception –
- fraud exception
- general principle , –
- is indeed an estoppel , –
- is a legal estoppel
- moral and philosophical case for
- no requirement of clarity and unambiguity , ,
- no requirement of inducement, reliance, detriment
- no requirement of unconscionability
- not discretionary
- outcomes –
- policy case for –
- raised by contract framed as deed , ,
- raised by contract without more , , ,
- rediscovered not invented –
- response to criticism –
- stare decisis –
- third parties –
- Contractual estoppel distinguished from
-
Covenant
- binds as estoppel ,
- cross-covenants ,
- distinct from contractual promise –,
- founded on form , , ,
- no consideration necessary ,
- not to sue
- to pay contrasted with receipt , , ,
-
raises estoppel , ,Page 260
- in restraint of trade –
- void, as consideration
- Damages
- Declaration of right
- Deed
- Deeming clause
- Duty of care
-
Entire agreement clause
- basis clause
- captures collateral warranty not collateral contract
- commercial utility
- definition
- distinct from non-reliance clause –, –, –, ,
- does not capture representations of fact –
- as evidence of contractual intention , , –,
- fiduciary duties
- forms
- no bar to implication of law
- no bar to implication of terms in fact –
- no bar to rectification –
- as part of composite clause
- purpose , ,
- scope –,
- whether bars a reverse estoppel –
- whether conclusive , ,
- whether raises contractual estoppel
- yields to contrary intention –,
- yields to mandatory regulation
-
Estoppel
- categories –,
- consideration –
- cumulative effect –
- defined by preclusive effect
- distinct from admission
- distinct from contract –
- evidential or substantive effect –,
- genera
- how relates to the truth –
- less than a cause of action –
- meaning
- more than a rule of evidence –
- not odious –
- outcomes –
- requirement of clarity –,
- subject to contract negotiations –
- underlying principle –
-
Estoppel by contract
- see Contractual estoppel
-
Estoppel by convention
- see also “Contractual convention”; Reliance-based estoppels
- consensual not contractual , –
- degree of certainty
- distinct from contractual estoppel , , , –
- distinct from estoppel by representation , ,
- elements –
- “enlarges” contract
- entire agreement clause –
- expectation-enforcing
- reverse ,
- unconscionability as a requirement
- when concurrent with estoppel by representation , , , ,
-
Estoppel by deedPage 261
-
Estoppel by representation
- see also Evidential estoppel; Reliance-based estoppels
- degree of certainty
- distinct from contractual estoppel , –
- distinct from estoppel by convention , ,
- elements , , ,
- at law or in equity ,
- reverse
- share certificate
- sub-species
- unconscionability
- when concurrent with estoppel by convention , , , ,
- when subject to statutory controls –,
- whether rule of evidence , , –
- Estoppel by tenancy
- analogy with bailment
- contractual basis –
- statutory tenancy –
- Estoppel in pais
- Estoppel outcomes
- Evidential estoppel
-
Exclusion clause
- see also Basis clause; Non-reliance clause
- addressed to secondary not primary obligations
- assignment
- clear words –
- consumer context –
- distinct from basis clause –,
- distinct from contractual estoppel –, , –, ,
- freedom of contract –
- negligence see Negligence liability
- “rewriting history” see “Rewriting history”
- Expert determination
- Fiduciary duties
- Form of variation clause
-
Fraud
- elements
- exception to contractual estoppel –,
- exception to estoppel by deed
- exception to non-avoidance clause
- exception to non-reliance clause
- exception to “signature rule”
- “legal fraud”
-
mental elementPage 262
- underlying policy –
- Implied terms
- Insurance
- Knowledge
- Legal mortgage
- Limitation of action
- Mandatory regulation
- Misrepresentation
- Mistake
- Negligence liability
- Non-avoidance clause
-
Non-reliance clause
- application of “evidential estoppel” ,
- bar to a claim in misrepresentation , , , ,
- construction –,
- contractual effect –
- distinct from entire agreement clause –, –, –, ,
- meaning –
- no bar to collateral warranty
- no bar to fraud
- no bar to implication of terms
- as part of composite clause –
- purpose
- raises contractual estoppel –, , , ,
- scope
- statutory controls see Exclusion clause
-
“No oral modification” clause
- see Form of variation clause
- Parol evidence rule
-
Promise by contract
- in a deed
- distinct from covenant –,
-
distinct from representation of fact , , ,Page 263
- future action –, ,
- of past facts
- third party
- of truth –,
- which raises contractual estoppel
- Promissory estoppel
- Proprietary estoppel
- Public policy
- Receipt clause
- Recitals
- Rectification
- Reliance-based estoppels
- Representation of fact
- Repudiation
- Rescission
- Restraint of trade
- Reverse estoppel
-
“Rewriting history”Page 264
- Sham
- “Signature rule”
- Specific performance
- Statutory prohibition