Blockchain Technology and the Law
Page 209
Index
Index
- ABA see American Bar Association
- Abra (application) –
- Abu Dhabi
- accidental losses –
- accountability , , , ;
- accuracy , –
- algorithmic contracts
- Amazon –, ;
- American Bar Association (ABA)
- American Restatement of Restitution 1937
- America Online (AOL) –
- Android Auto
- anti-money laundering regulations , , , , ; see also money-laundering
- AOL see America Online
- Apple CarPlay
- arbitration: clauses –, –, ;
- Arbitration Trap: How to Credit Card Companies Ensnare Consumers, The
- Argentina
- Arnold, Thelma –
- artificial intelligence , , , ,
- Ashton, Kevin
- ATM see automated teller machine
- auditability , , , ,
- Australia ,
- authentication: of information ;
- authorisation ,
- automated teller machine (ATM)
- automobile insurance –
- avatars , , ,
- Bacon, Jean –
- Bank Act 1991 (Canada) ,
- BankAmericard ; see also Visa
- Bank for International Settlements
- Bank of America ,
- Bank of Canada –
- Bank of England
- banking: access to –, , ;
- banks ;
- Bank Secrecy Act 1970 ,
- bargaining power –, –, ,
- Barr, Michael S.
- Bartholet, Elizabeth
- Basel III Regulations
- BCR see Binding Corporate Rules
- Beale, H.G.
- Bear Stearns
- Berkson v Gogo LLC
- Binding Corporate Rules (BCR) –
- birth certificates
- Bitcoin , , –, –;
- and credit cards ;
- and cryptography ;
- development –;
- future outlook –;
- limited amount ;
- and maintenance/operation of Blockchain , , ;
- and purchase of illegal goods –;
- running the network ;
- use of intermediaries ;
- verification of legitimacy , –; see also Bitcoin Blockchain; Bitcoin cash’; ‘Bitcoin core’; cryptocurrencies
- Bitcoin Blockchain –, , , –, ,
- ‘Bitcoin cash’ –
- ‘Bitcoin core’
- ‘blackballing’
- ‘Black Box of Identity’ –
-
Blockchain –;Page 210
- anti-governmental/authority tendencies ;
- applications of , , –;
- awards for maintenance and operation of , , ;
- carrying out transactions –;
- closed –;
- consumer access to –;
- description –;
- editable ;
- efficiency of –;
- future –;
- governance of –;
- infrastructure ;
- open –;
- origins of ;
- as peer-to-peer network –, ;
- permissioned –, , , ;
- private , –, –;
- public , , , , , , , , –, –;
- regulatory intervention debate –, –;
- use of registries ; see also Bitcoin Blockchain; Blockchain-based technologies; Blockchain tokens; Ethereum Blockchain
- Blockchain-based technologies –
- Blockchain tokens –;
- block numbers –,
- Blomley v Ryan
- BMW
- border administration
- Brainard, Lael –
- Brandeis, Louis , ,
- Braucher, Jean
- broker-dealers
- browsewraps
- Burch, David
- business-to-business networks
- business-to-business transactions –
- Buterin, Vitalik , , ,
- Caesares, Wences
- California ,
- Cambridge Analytica
- Canada ;
- Canadian Bankers Association
- Canadian Securities Association (CSA) –, –
- Cardozo Blockchain Project –
- Carney, Mark –
- casinos
- Central Securities Depositories
- chain of possession ,
- ‘chameleon hashes’ ,
- chargebacks –,
- chattels
- cheque cashers
- chip cards
- Chitty on Contracts
- ‘chokepoints’ ,
- Clayton, Jay ,
- clickwraps –,
- cloud-based computing
- ‘code is law’ approach –,
- ‘coinbase’
- Coindesk Bitcoin Technology Conference
- Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio
- commercial paper
- ‘commercial reasonableness’ standard
- Commodity Futures Act
- confidential material
- consensus protocol ;
- ConsenSys
- Consumer Credit Act 1974 –
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau –,
- consumer goods ,
- consumer law –, –,
- consumer payment mechanisms –
- consumer protection ;
- consumers: access to Blockchain –;
- contract law ,
- contracts: algorithmic ;
- Cooley LLP
- Cooperative Credit Associations Act (Canada)
- core developers –
- corporate voting
- corruption
- credit bureaux
- credit card companies –; see also credit cards
-
credit cards: and Bitcoin ;Page 211
- credit history ,
- credit ratings , ,
- Credit Unions and Caisses Populaires Act 1994
- creditworthiness ,
- crowdfunding ,
- crowd-sale
- cryptocurrencies , , ;
- ‘cryptographic proof’
- cryptography , ;
- CSA see Canadian Securities Association
- customer service , , ,
- DAO see Decentralised Autonomous Organisation
- data: aggregation ;
- De, Nikhilesh
- debit card issuers –
- Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO) –, , , ;
- decision-making ,
- deflation ,
- Denationalisation of Money
- Denning, Lord M.R.
- DevOps 199 ,
- diamonds
- Digicash
- digital credit
- digital identifiers
- digital identity , –
- digital technology
- diplomas
- dispute resolution –, ;
- distributed ledgers , , , –, , , , ; see also distributed ledger technology (DLT)
- distributed ledger technology (DLT) , , , , , ;
- dividends
- DLT see distributed ledger technology
- DNA-based technologies
- documentation –
- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010 ,
- Domingo, Analie –
- dot.com era
- double spend problem –, ,
- driving licences –
- due diligence –, , –, ,
- e-Bay
- eCash
- e-commerce –,
- economic efficiency , ,
- economic growth ,
- economies of scale
- electricity: lack of ;
- Elvy, Stacy-Ann
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1974 (ERISA) –
- England
- English law
- equity security
- ERISA see Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1974
- error correction –; see also human error
- escrow: mechanisms ;
- Ether , –,
- Ethereum Blockchain –, ;
- Ethereum Classic ,
- Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) –
-
European Union (EU) ;Page 212
- Everledger
- EVM see Ethereum Virtual Machine
- external events processing
- extrinsic evidence –
- Fair Credit Reporting Act 2012
- ‘fat finger syndrome’
- Faura, Julio
- finance gambling
- financial accessibility
- financial accounts
- financial applications
- Financial Conduct Authority –
- Financial Consumer Agency
- financial data recording
- Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
- financial institutions ;
- financial services , ;
- FINRA see Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
- ‘flag day’
- Flood, Mark D.
- food industry
- food products –
- food safety
- forgery
- ‘forking’ , –, –
- France
- Fratto, Natalie –
- fraud , , ,
- ‘Fresno drop’ –
- Gates, Bill
- GDP see gross domestic product
- GDPR see General Data Protection Regulation
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) –, , –,
- Geva, Benjamin ,
- GitHub , ,
- Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation
- global financial crisis , ,
- global value chains
- gold standard ,
- Goodenough, Oliver ,
- Great Depression
- Greenspan, Gideon –
- gross domestic product (GDP)
- Guest, A.G. –
- hackers ,
- hard fork , , , –, , –,
- hash algorithms –
- hashgraphs
- Hayek, Friedrich –
- Hazan, Thomas Lee
- health insurance –
- Heap, Imogen
- Hertig, Alyssa
- Holmes of Richmond, Lord
- House of Lords
- human error , , , ; see also error correction
- hyperinflation –
- IBM , , , ,
- ICO see Initial Coin Offering
- illiteracy
- immutability , , –,
- income disparities
- ‘inequality of bargaining power’ doctrine ; see also bargaining power
- inflation –;
- information: authentication ;
- infrastructure problems
- Initial Coin Offering (ICO) , –, , –;
- Initial Public Offering (IPO) , –, ,
- Insurance Act (Canada)
- insurance companies ,
- intellectual property
- Inter-bank clearing
- interdependence of economies
- intermediaries , , , ;
- International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorism Financing Act see also Patriot Act 2001 Title III
-
international trade –Page 213
- Internet , ,
- Internet of Information
- Internet of Things , , , , ,
- interoperability
- investment contracts , –,
- IPO see Initial Public Offering
- ISO 20022
- Lamport’s Paxos protocol
- legacy technologies
- legitimacy: of laws ;
- lending agreements –
- Levy, Steven Mark
- lex cryptographica
- Lex Mercatoria
- liability , ;
- libertarianism ,
- litigation , ,
- livestock
- Lloyds Bank v Bundy
- Loan and Trust Corporations Act
- low-income individuals –; see also poor, the; poverty
- Lubarsky, Boris ,
- Lubin, Joe
- Lumb, Richard
- MacIntosh, Jeffrey
- Mansfield, Lord –
- Massachusetts, State of
- McCamus, John D.
- meat production
- medical information
- Merrill Lynch
- microfinance –
- microloans
- Microsoft
- miners , –, , , –, , , ; see also nodes; mining
- mining , , , , , , , ;
- mobile devices
- mobile phones ; see also smartphones
- money laundering: characteristics –;
- Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds Regulations
- money transmission services , , , , ; see also money transmitters
- money transmitters ,
- Morris, Lord
- mortgages
- Moses v Macferlan
- M-Pesa program
- multiple identities
- multi-signature protocols
- multi-signature transactions
- music distribution systems
- NAF see National Arbitration Forum
- Nakamoto, Satoshi , , , , , , , , –, –, ,
- National Arbitration Forum (NAF)
- National Consumer Law Center (USA)
- national identity documents
- national insurance numbers
- Neustar Research
- New York Agreement (NYA)
- New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission –
- New Zealand
- Nicholls, Christopher
- nodes , –, –, –, –, ;
- nonces ,
- non-financial applications
- North America , , , , , ;
- North American International Auto Show
- ombudsman –
- one-computer-one-vote system
- one-vote-to-one-IP-address
-
online feedbackPage 214
- Ontario –, ;
- Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) ,
- oracles: role of –;
- OSC see Ontario Securities Commission
- Pacific Coast Coin Exchange v Ontario Securities Commission
- Parity
- Parol Evidence Rule
- passwords –, ; see also private keys
- Patriot Act 2001 Title III –
- payment mechanisms ; see also consumer payment mechanisms
- PBFT protocol see Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocol
- personal data –, –, –, , ;
- personal identity ;
- personal information , , ;
- personal property: registries ;
- policy-making –
- Poloz, Stephen
- Polytechnic University of Milan
- poor, the ; see also low-income individuals; poverty
- Popper, Nathanial
- Postal Service
- post-trade services
- poultry
- poverty –
- Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocol –,
- practice licences
- privacy: definition of ;
- Privacy by Design approach , –
- private keys –, , , , ;
- private placement exemption –, ;
- Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada)
- Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (UK)
- pro-consumer rules
- production process
- Project Jasper –
- proof of space protocol
- proof of stake protocol
- proof of work protocol –, –, , ,
- property owners
- property rights
- Prosser, William –
- Protocol Labs
- provenance –;
- Provenance (online platform)
- proxy voting ,
- pseudonymisation , –, ,
- Public Citizen (advocacy group)
- public keys , –, –,
- Radin, Margaret Jane
- Ramey, Corrine
- ratings
- RBC see Royal Bank of Canada
- real property registries
- real-time exposure monitoring
- recursive flaw
- Regulation Z , , , ,
- remittances , –
- Right to be Forgotten
- Right to Rectify Errors
- Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
- Royal Bank of Canada (RBC)
- royalties
- rule of law , , –
- safety assurance –
- SAFT approach –, –, –
- Sale of Goods Act
- ‘savvy subgroup defence’
- scrollwraps
- seafood
- SEC see Securities and Exchange Commission
- SEC v Ralston Purina Company –
- SEC v W.J. Howey Co. –, , ,
-
secondary markets , –Page 215
- secret keys
- Securities Act 1933 (Ontario) –, ,
- Securities and Exchange Act 1934 (USA) , , ,
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) , , –
- securities depositories ,
- securities intermediaries
- securities laws –
- security: definition –;
- ‘segregated witness’ see also Segwit; Segwit2x
- Segwit –,
- Segwit2x –
- self-execution
- self-regulation
- semi-financial contracts
- Sergey, Ilya
- Serious Crime Act 2015
- SHA-256 algorithm
- Shared Coin (application)
- short-term loans
- shrinkwraps –
- Siegel, David –
- sign-in wraps
- ‘Silk Road’ website
- smart chips
- smart contracts , –;
- and arbitration –;
- for automobile insurance –;
- and consumer law –;
- definition ;
- for derivatives ;
- and digital identity –;
- and Ethereum Blockchain –, –;
- examples –;
- for financial data recording ;
- legal challenges –, ;
- for mortgages ;
- for records ;
- role of oracles –;
- for securities ;
- standard terms –;
- for trade finance ;
- and transaction costs –, ;
- as a vending machine –;
- and smart oracles ; see also Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO)
- smartphones , , ,
- ‘sniping’ programs –
- social insurance numbers
- social security numbers
- soft fork , ,
- software: consensus approach to upgrading ;
- spoilage
- statistical noise
- Stiglitz, Joseph
- Stinchcombe, Kai ,
- stock exchanges
- stock splits
- stored value cards ,
- streaming
- succession events
- supply chain ;
- Supreme Court of Canada
- Supreme Court of the United States
- ‘suspicious activity report’
- Sweeney, Latanya
- SWIFT ,
- Szabo, Nick , –
- tampering , –, , , , ,
- Tapscott, Don ,
- technical support
- third world countries
- time-stamp –, , , , , ,
- Tockar, Anthony
- token sales , ; see also Bitcoin tokens; Initial Coin Offering (ICO)
- tort law –
- transaction costs ;
- Transaction Costs rule
- transactions –;
- transparency , , ;
- ‘trust problem’ –, ,
- trustworthiness
- Truth in Lending Act 1968
- UCC see Uniform Commercial Code
- Ulbricht, Ross –
- ‘unbanked, the’
- unconscionability doctrine –
- Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) –, ;
- United Kingdom: adoption of distributed ledgers by central bank –;
-
credit cards –;Page 216
- dispute resolution –, ;
- Financial Conduct Authority ;
- Know Your Customer rules ;
- unconscionability doctrine ;
- unjust enrichment principle –
-
- United States: credit cards –;
- United States Congress
- United States Federal Reserve ,
- United States Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) –
- Università Bocconi
- unjust enrichment principle –
- user accounts ,
- user ID