Double Insurance and Contribution
Page 225
Index
Index
- absolute escape clauses see exclusion clauses
- Albion Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Office of New South Wales ,
- America: double recovery, prohibition on ;
- apportionment method for contribution
- asbestos litigation: apportionment , ;
- approach of the courts to resolve problems –;
- Barker v Corus revisiting Fairchild –, ;
- Bolton Metropolitan BC v Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd –, ;
- Cape Distribution v Cape Intermediate Holdings plc , ;
- case law development , ;
- causation principle , , , ;
- contribution, doctrine of ;
- damages, apportionment of ;
- development of mesothelioma ;
- damages ;
- double insurance, application , –, , ;
- Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd –, , ;
- Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969, point of and implications of –;
- employers’ liability insurance , , ;
- Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd decision –, , , ;
- history and medical aspect of mesothelioma , ;
- Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society ;
- liability for risk or injury ;
- Phillips v Syndicate 992 Gunner –;
- law of tort ;
- proportionate division of liability –;
- “sustained” and “contracted” –;
- tort liability , , ;
- type of liability insurance , ;
- Workmen’s Compensation Acts , ;
- Zurich Insurance plc UK Branch v International Energy Group Ltd –
- assured: distinction between “an assured” and “the assured” ,
- Austin v Zurich General Accident and Liability Insurance Co Ltd , ,
- Australia: adoption and application of Marine Insurance Act 1906 ;
- “an assured” and “the assured”, distinction between , ;
- approach to double insurance , ;
- case law , , ;
- combination of clauses , ;
- comparison of insurance market with that of the UK ;
- contractual and legislative exclusions , ;
- contribution, right of recovery ;
- control of policy terms, legislative provisions , ;
- cover note ;
- “entered into”, meaning –;
- exclusion clauses, legislation barring ;
- Explanatory Memorandum (Insurance Contracts Bill 1984 see Explanatory Memorandum (Insurance Contracts Bill 1984;
- fairness, test of –;
- Financial Ombudsman Service ;
- General Code of Insurance Practice ;
- Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Australia) s45 see Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Australia) s45 “other insurance” provisions;
- Marine Insurance Act 1909 ;
- meaning of “the assured” , ;
- other legislative provisions , ;
- severance , ;
- specified terms in contracts –;
- unfair terms –
-
Australian Corporations Act 2001Page 226
- Australian Eagle Insurance Co Ltd v Mutual Acceptance (Insurance) Pty Ltd ,
- Australian Insurance Law
- Australian Law Reform Commission, Report on Insurance Contracts, Report No 20 (1982): calculating contribution , ;
- combination of clauses , ;
- consideration of English law , ;
- cover note ;
- draft legislation ;
- existing problems ;
- fairness, test of –;
- guiding principles ;
- “other insurance” provisions –;
- recommendations , , ;
- severance of void parts in clauses –;
- specifying terms in contracts –;
- terms of reference ;
- true excess liability in a policy –
- Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority
- Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001
- balancing the interest between parties , ,
- Bankers & Traders Insurance Co Ltd v National Insurance Co Ltd –
- Barker v Corus revisiting Fairchild –,
- Battle of Lagos
- Bolton Metropolitan BC v Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd –
- Bovis Construction Ltd v Commercial Union Assurance Co plc ,
- Bovis Lend Lease Ltd v Saillard Fuller and Partners
- Bubble Act 1720 , , ,
- calculation methods for contribution: common liability test , , ;
- Caledonian North Sea v London Bridge Engineering , ,
- Canada: adoption of Marine Insurance Act 1906 ;
- Cape Distribution v Cape Intermediate Holdings plc ,
- case law (asbestos litigation): Barker v Corus revisiting Fairchild –;
- Bolton Metropolitan BC v Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd –;
- Cape Distribution v Cape Intermediate Holdings plc , ;
- case law development , ;
- development of mesothelioma ;
- Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd –;
- Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd decision –;
- Zurich Insurance plc UK Branch v International Energy Group Ltd –
- case law (Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978) –
- case law (contribution): Australia –;
- calculation of insurer’s liability –;
- co-insurers ;
- common law contribution , ;
- co-sureties –;
- covering the same risk –;
- entitlement to ;
- equitable contribution , , ;
- guarantor’s right –;
- independent actual liability –;
- maximum potential policy –;
- principle behind ;
- same assured, same subject matter and same interest –;
- wide range of events covered by policy ,
- case law (double insurance): absolute escape clauses –;
- combination of clauses –;
- excess clauses , ;
- escape clause against excess clause , ;
- identifying whether double insurance arises –;
- illustrating complexities of double insurance –;
- interpreting clauses –;
- marine insurance –;
- rateable proportion clauses ;
- recovery from insurers –;
- return of premiums –;
- self-cancelling clauses held ineffective –;
- Weddell principle in other jurisdictions –
- case law (double insurance America), “other insurance” clause –
- case law (double insurance Australia): analysis of cases –;
- “an assured” and “the assured”, distinction between , ;
- conclusion on facts of the case , ;
- “entered into”, meaning –;
- marine insurance , , ;
- notification clause, validity of s45(1) –;
- “other insurance” –;
- specifically, meaning under s45(2) –;
- specifying terms in contract –;
- tests adopted by the courts ;
- true excess clause –,
-
case law (double insurance Canada) –Page 227
- case law (subrogation and indemnity –
- categories of insurance
- causation principle, mesothelioma cases , , ,
- Chamber of Assurance, establishment ,
- Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978: application to double insurance , –;
- claims: choice of policy ;
- clauses: combination in policies ;
- escape clauses see exclusion clauses, excess clauses see excess clauses;
- exclusion clauses see exclusion clauses;
- in combination –;
- interpretation of policy wording –;
- limiting or excluding liability –;
- “other insurance” , ;
- policy considerations ;
- rateable proportion clauses see rateable proportion clauses;
- restriction of assureds’ rights ;
- self-cancelling clauses held ineffective –;
- suggested solutions –;
- types of , , , , ;
- uncertainty of
- co-insurer’s right to contributions
- combination of clauses –; ,
- common law principle: Australia, right of recovery ;
- common liability test , ,
- Compensation Act 2006 ,
- compensation, entitlement of mesothelioma victims , , , , ,
- concept of double insurance , ,
- consideration
- contract of insurance, definition
- contribution: apportionment, policy providing method of ;
- balancing interest of insurer and the assured , ;
- calculation of insurer’s liability , –;
- case law see case law (contribution);
- Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 see Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978;
- common law , , , , , –;
- co-sureties –, , ;
- doctrine modified by contract ;
- double recovery, possibility of ;
- elements of double insurance –;
- entitlement to , ;
- equitable principle , , , ;
- event after loss and insurer denying liability ;
- factors to be satisfied , ;
- general concept –;
- history –;
- joint liability –;
- limitation period for claims ;
- marine insurance ;
- origins of ;
- overlaps allowing for contribution –;
- property insurance , ;
- reimbursement or ;
- requirements to be satisfied ;
- restitution in nature ;
- right of contribution arising see right of contribution arising;
- same damage not same tort ;
- subrogation and indemnity –;
- tortfeasors, joint and several –, ;
- unjust enrichment , ;
- voluntary payment –;
- wide range of events covered by policy ,
- Co-operative Retail Services Ltd v Taylor Young Partnership Ltd
- co-sureties, contribution and –, ,
- cover note
- Deering v Earl of Winchelsea , ,
- definition of double insurance ,
- double insurance: America –;
- apportionment of loss ;
- asbestos litigation , –, , ;
- Australia see Australia;
- Canada –;
- case law see case law (double insurance);
- complexities of –;
- concept of , , ;
- definition , ;
- effect on claims –;
- excess clauses see excess clauses;
- exclusion clauses see exclusion clauses;
- history of –;
- identifying, case law –;
- legislative reform, Australia see Australia;
- overview –;
- premiums –;
- rateable proportion clauses see rateable proportion clauses;
- recovery from insurers –;
- requirements for , ;
- unclear legislation
- double recovery, possibility of
-
Drake Insurance Co v Provident Insurance Co –Page 228
- Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd –
- Eagle Star Ltd v Provincial Insurance plc
- employers, asbestos litigation see asbestos litigation
- Employers’ Liability Act 1880
- Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969, point of and implications of –
- employers’ liability insurance, asbestos litigation , ,
- “entered into”: beneficial third parties , ;
- Equitable Fire & Accident Office –
- equitable principle, contribution and , , , , , , , ,
- escape clauses see exclusion clauses
- excess clauses: America –;
- excess coverage , ,
- exclusion clauses: absolute escape clauses –;
- ex gratia payments
- Explanatory Memorandum (Insurance Contracts Bill 1984): categories of clauses ;
- Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd decision –, , ,
- Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
- fire insurance, history
- Fire Life Insurance Duty Act 1782
- “floater” policy
- fraud, risk of , , ,
- fraudulent trading
- Gale v Motor Union Insurance Co ,
- Godin v London Assurance Co , ,
- Great Fire of London
- guarantor’s right to contribution –
- HIH Casualty and General Insurance Co v Pluim Construction Pty Ltd –, –,
- history of contribution: common law contribution , ;
- history of double insurance: Bubble Act 1720 ;
- Home Insurance Co of New York v Gavel ,
- Hong Kong: adoption of Marine Insurance Act 1906
- identifying double insurance, case law –
- indemnity, requirement ,
- independent actual liability test , –,
- insolvent insurers ,
- Insurance Conduct of Business Sourcebook the Insurance Ombudsman Bureau
- Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Australia) s45 “other insurance” provisions: application ;
- effects of s , ;
- “entered into” –, –;
- exceptions under –;
- excess clause, impact on , ;
- excess layers of cover , ;
- exclusion clause, impact on , ;
- Explanatory Memorandum see Explanatory Memorandum (Insurance Contracts Bill 1984);
- implementation , ;
- not being a contract of insurance required to be effected by or under law (exception 1) , ;
- notification clause, validity of s45(1) –;
- proposed legislative provision , ;
- provision, meaning of , ;
- public liability insurance , ;
- rateable
proportion clauses, impact on , ;Page 229
- rationale for ;
- recovery of loss suffered under contract ;
- review of the Act , ;
- severance , ;
- some or all of loss not covered by a contract of insurance that is specified in first-mentioned contract (exception 2) , ;
- “specifically”, meaning under s45(2) –;
- specifying terms in contracts –;
- text of s ;
- time “other insurance” entered into ,
- Insurance Contracts Bill 1982 Clause
- Insurance Contracts Bill 1984 Explanatory Memorandum see Explanatory Memorandum (Insurance Contracts Bill 1984)
- insurance industry: development and regulation of
- insurance premiums see premiums
- Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society
- landlords and tenants, overlapping insurance ,
- Law Commission recommended reforms 1980
- Law Council of Australia, clarification of Insurance Contracts Act 1984
- Law of Contribution and Reimbursement
- Law of Restitution
- Law Reform Committee’s Report 1957
- Law Reform (Married Woman and Tortfeasors) Act 1935
- Legal & General v Drake Insurance –
- Limitation Act 1980
- limitation of liability see exclusion clauses
- limitation period for contribution claims
- Lloyd’s Coffee House
- Lloyd’s underwriters ,
- London Assurance ,
- marine insurance: history ;
- Marine Insurance Act 1906: definition of double insurance ;
- Marshall on Insurance
- Mathie v The Argonaut Marine Insurance Co Ltd ,
- maximum potential liability test , –,
- Merchant Insurers Bill 1693
- Merryweather v Nixon
- mesothelioma see asbestos litigation
- Morris v Ford Motors Co Ltd
- mortgagor and mortgagee, overlapping insurance ,
- mutual societies
- National Employers Mutual General Insurance Association Ltd v Haydon –; –
- National Farmers Union Mutual Insurance Society Ltd v HSBC Insurance (UK) Ltd –
- New Zealand: adoption of Marine Insurance Act 1906 ;
- Nicholas v Wesfarmers Currangh Pty Ltd –
- 1986 Statement of Practice, Insurance Conduct of Business Rulebook
- North British and Mercantile Insurance Co v London, Liverpool and Global Insurance Co , ,
- North British Insurance v London, Liverpool & Globe Insurance
- notification requirements: Australian case law –;
- “open cover policy”
- “other insurance” clauses: America –;
- overlapping insurance, allowing for contribution –
- parent and subsidiary companies, “top and drop” policies ,
- Phillips v Syndicate 992 Gunner –
-
policy considerationsPage 230
- premiums: outline ;
- primary policies
- property insurance: history ;
- public liability insurance ,
- rateable proportion clauses: combination of clauses –;
- Rathbone Brothers plc v Novae Corporate Underwriting Ltd ,
- recovery from insurers: assureds’ rights –;
- regulation of the insurance industry in the UK , , ,
- reimbursement , , , , ,
- return of premiums: insurer refusing to pay ;
- review of Insurance Contracts Act 1984 ,
- right of contribution arising (Australian position): case law –;
- right of contribution arising (UK position): case law –;
- rights of assured persons: recovery from insurers –;
- rights of parties regarding clauses
- risk, covering ; –
- Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Trust v Hammond , ,
- Royal Exchange Assurance ,
- self-insurance, asbestos litigation ,
- severance of underlying clause , , ,
- Sickness & Accident Assurance Association Ltd v The General Accident Assurance Corporation ,
- Singapore: adoption of Marine Insurance Act 1906 ;
- South Sea Company
- specifically, meaning under s45(2) –
- specifying terms in contracts: actual effect of provision –;
- speculative trading
- stacking, definition of
- Steadfast Insurance Co Ltd v F&B Trading Co Pty –
- subrogation and indemnity –
- sureties: common law contribution , ;
- Sutton on Insurance Law ,
- “top and drop” policies ,
- tort, principles of
- tortfeasors, joint and several –, –
- Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act 2010 ,
- true excess liability: exemptions, true excess clause –, ;
- types of clauses , , ,
- umbrella policies
- Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
- Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
- unfair terms, test of –
- unjust enrichment , ,
- Union Marine Insurance Co Ltd v Martin , ,
- unvalued policy ,
- validity of policy
- valued policy ,
- vendors and purchasers, overlapping insurance
- Vero Insurance Ltd v QBE Insurance (Australia) Ltd ,
-
void clauses: severance –Page 231
- voluntary payment by insurer –