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Index

Index

affirmation: loss of right to avoid ,

agency and subscription risks

agent of insured ; commission ; confidential information –19; contracting out of Act: transparency ; deemed not to be known: fraud against principal by –3; fair representation, duty of , ; knowledge , , –19, , , –3, ; reasonable search

agent of insurer: confidential information ; deemed not to be known: fraud against principal by –3; knowledge , , ,

agent for other insureds: duty of fair presentation , ,

applicable law ,

AIRMIC

Australia , , ,

aviation insurance

avoidance –20, ; affirmation and loss of right to avoid , ; composite policy with more than one insured , ; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; deliberate or reckless breach ; example –40; fraudulent claims , , , ; premium , –20, ; utmost good faith and –14, , , , , , , , , ; variations, contractual , ; waivers ,

basis clauses –16, –2; abolition of ; contracting out of Act and ; permissible alternative

beneficiaries, third-party: deliberate or reckless breach ; fair representation, duty of , , ,

British Insurance Law Association (BILA) ,

brokers , , , ; commission –18; confidential information –19; contracting out of Act: transparency , , , , ; knowledge , –11, –19, , , ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach ; subscription risks ,

burden of proof: deliberate or reckless breach ; exclusion clauses

captive insurance company: reasonable search

causation test , , –10, –13, , , , ,

change in circumstances or in law: excuses for breach of warranty

charitable trusts: knowledge of insured , –11

claims already paid: avoidance ; deliberate or reckless breach ; proportionate reduction of ; termination from date of variation ; varying terms of contract, remedy of –4

co-insurance in subscription market: LMA standard clause

commencement –5

commission: brokers –18

companies see corporations

composite policy with two or more insureds , ; avoidance and premium repayable , ; deliberate or reckless breach ; proportionate reduction of claim ; varying terms of contract, remedy of

conditions ; precedent , , , –40, , ,

confidential information –19, –7

confidentiality: breach of warranty of

consent: confidential information

consortium leaders

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consumer insurance: contracting out , , , , ; fraudulent claims , ; meaning , ; non-consumer vs –21; pre-contractual duties –2, ; remedies

consumer vs non-consumer insurance: application of Act –21; business, trade or profession ; case law in other areas ; mixed use , ; objective assessment

contracting out of Act –2;

commencement ; consumer insurance , , , , ; disadvantageous terms , –8; entire agreement clauses ; exceptions: non-consumer insurance –6; flexibility , ; fraudulent claims ; group insurance ; meaning of consumer insurance ; small businesses , , , ; sufficient steps to draw term to insured’s attention , , –17, , ; term must be clear and unambiguous as to effect , , –23; transparency , , , , –23,

conveyancing

corporations: deliberate breach ; directing mind and will , ; fraudulent claims , ; groups , , ; knowledge of insured , –11, , ; representation of expectation or belief ,

coverholders

criminal convictions , ; directors’ and officers’ liability (D&O) policies , ; employees of insured , ,

damages , , ; fraudulent claims

damages for late payment , –19, –3; causation ; commencement ; contracting out , , , , , , ; implied term ; limitation period ; parliamentary passage of Insurance Bill , ; reasonable grounds for disputing claim –10; reasonable time –7; reinsurance –19; remedies –14; small businesses

data-dumping , , , ; reckless or deliberate breach

databases, subscription: knowledge of insurer , , ,

date contract entered into –12,

date of inception

deceit , ,

definitions: circumstance ; consumer insurance contract , , ; contract of insurance ; senior management

deliberate or reckless breach –12, ; duty to pay claims within reasonable time and , , ; neither –14, ,

directors’ and officers’ liability (D&O) policies ,

disclosure of documents in civil proceedings

disclosure, duty of –4, –17, ; disclosure putting insurer on notice –7; knowledge see separate entry; matters not required to be disclosed ; misrepresentation and non-disclosure –5; reasonably clear and accessible –32, ; timing and content of presentation –7; what must be disclosed –40

entire agreement clauses

estoppel ; fraudulent claims

excess insurance , –1

exclusion clauses: terms not relevant to actual loss –2,

expert evidence: matters not required to be disclosed ; reasonable search ; varying terms of contract: remedy for breach of fair presentation duty

Explanatory Notes ; duty of fair presentation ; knowledge , –9, , , , , , ; remedies for breach of fair presentation duty ; terms not relevant to actual loss , –6; contracting out ; fraudulent claims ,

extent of application of Act

facts , ; opinion or belief

facultative reinsurance: confidential information ; date contract entered into

facultative/obligatory (fac/oblig) contracts: date contract entered into

fair presentation, duty of , , , , ; commencement , , , ; disclosed, what must be –40; disclosure, duty of –17; disclosure putting insurer on notice –7; disclosure reasonably clear and accessible –32, ; fac/oblig open cover ; fraud unravels all ; knowledge see separate entry; matters not required to be disclosed ; misrepresent, duty not to –23; misrepresentation and non-disclosure –5; owed by insured –12; pre-contractual duties –4; remedies see remedies for breach of fair presentation duty; timing and content of presentation –8; variations, contractual ,

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fiduciary relationships

Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)

financial institution crime insurance: disclosure putting insurer on notice

floating policies: date contract entered into

fraud against principal by agent: matters deemed not to be known –3

fraud unravels all

fraudulent claims , –4, ; attribution of fraudulent intent –12; collateral lie , ; commencement , ; contracting out of Act ; fraudulent act ; group insurance ; old law ; relevant event giving rise to claim ; remedies –10; right to terminate , –10; waivers ,

fraudulent misrepresentation

freedom of contract

good faith: representation of expectation or belief , , –3; utmost see separate entry

group companies: fair presentation, duty of , ; reasonable search

group insurance: contracting out of Act ; fraudulent claims

history of insurance law reform –8

hold harmless fiction

implied representation ; conveyancing

implied term about payment of claims see damages for late payment

implied warranties , ,

inception date

inducement –5; subscription risks

inequality of arms

insolvency

Insurance Conduct of Business Sourcebook (ICOBS)

interest: compound , ; damages for late payment , ; hold harmless fiction ; premium repaid

internet: knowledge of insurer ,

interpretation: aids –8; utmost good faith –6,

intranet: knowledge of insurer

jurisdiction clause

knowledge , , , , –4; commencement ; confidential information –19, –7; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; deemed not to be known –3; deemed to be known , , –60; deliberate breach and ; fraudulent claims ; of insured , –34, –63, , ; of insurer , , –63; non-disclosure and ; senior management –9, ; those responsible for insured’s insurance –11,

knowledge of insured , –3; brokers , –11, –19, , , ; confidential information –19; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; deemed not to be known –3; deemed to be known , , –60; deliberate breach and ; differences between old and new law –4; forgotten matters ; not an individual ; (senior management) –9, ; (those individuals responsible for insured’s insurance) –11, ; partnerships ; reasonable search , , , , –30, , , ; timing of exposure to information

knowledge of insurer , , –57; confidential information ; deemed not to be known –3; deemed to be known –60; ought to know , –47; presumed to know , –55

liability policies: exclusions clauses , ; fraudulent claims

limitation period ; damages for late payment

limited liability partnerships: knowledge of insured , –11

lineslip

Lloyd’s Market Association (LMA) , , ; co-insurance: standard clause ; definition of “insured’s organisation”: standard clause ; definition of “senior management”: standard clause ; rely on effect of legal advice without waiving privilege: standard clause ; standard clauses contracting out of ss. 10 & 13A Insurance Act –8, –2; standard clause contracting out of s.11 Insurance Act –20

Lloyd’s Minimum Standards for Conduct Risk

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long-tail contracts: date contract entered into

loss adjusters

loss experience, disclosure of existing

managing general agents

marine, aviation or transport insurance

marine insurance: exclusion clauses ; term defining risk as a whole , ; territorial limits ; warranties ,

materiality , , ; disclosure, duty of , –17; misrepresent, duty not to

misrepresentation , , , , ; co-insurers in subscription market ; corrected before insurance underwritten ; damages , , ; duty not to misrepresent –23; fraudulent ; knowledge of insurer ; negligent , ; non-disclosure and –5

mistakes: corrected before insurance underwritten

moral hazard ,

multiple persons insured under same policy: deliberate or reckless breach ; fair representation, duty of –12

negligent misrepresentation ,

New Zealand ,

non-consumer insurance: basis clauses , ; consumer vs –21; contracting out of Act , , –6, , , ; fair representation, duty of see separate entry; fraudulent claims

non-executive directors

Northern Ireland

notification clause

obligatory/obligatory (oblig/oblig) contracts: date contract entered into

official secrets

open cover insurance: date contract entered into , ,

opinions: duty of disclosure ,

overview –5

P&I Clubs

parliamentary passage of Insurance Bill –3; Special Public Bill Committee –11, , ,

partnerships: knowledge of insured

placing brokers ; knowledge , ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach

pre-contractual duties –4; fair

presentation, duty of see separate entry

premium , ; avoidance , –20; brokers’ commission and ; composite policy with more than one insured , ; damages ; deliberate or reckless breach , ; example of operation of remedies –42; fraudulent claims , ; MIA 1906 s84 and new remedies ; negligent misrepresentation ; payment warranties , , , , ; proportionate reduction of claim –7, , , , ; variations and remedies , , ; varying terms of contract, remedy of ,

problem of old law

professional indemnity insurance: ‘claims made’ policy ; fraudulent claims , ; premium payment warranty

proportionality: reasonable search

proportionate reduction of claim: breach of duty of fair presentation –7, , , ; example –42; excess insurance ; subscription risks

public authorities: knowledge of insured , –11

qualifying breach ; deliberate or reckless breach –12, ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach –14, , ; subscription risks

reasonable search , , , , –30, , , ; groups of companies ; scope of search ; timing

reckless see deliberate or reckless breach

records: retention of written

regulatory oversight

reinsurance contracts , , ; confidential information ; damages for late payment –19; date contract entered into ,

remedies for breach of fair presentation duty –2; affirmation , ; avoidance see separate entry; commencement , ; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; damages , ; deliberate or reckless breach –12, ; example of operation of –42; excess insurance , –1; inducement –5, ; MIA 1906 s84 and ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach –14, , ; proportionate reduction of claim –7, , , , , , , ; qualifying breach ; subscription risks , –9; variations and –6; varying terms of contract –4, , , ; waivers

representation of fact: compared with nondisclosure –5; substantially correct ,

rescission

restitutio in integrum , ,

retention of written records

retrocession contracts ,

retrospective effect: fraudulent claim and right to terminate ; varying terms of contract: remedy for breach of fair presentation duty –4

rumours

Scotland , ,

senior management: definition of ; deliberate breach ; fraudulent claims ; knowledge of –9, ,

several liability

social media

solicitor: premium payment warranty ; professional indemnity insurance ,

statutory bodies: knowledge of insured , –11

subscription risks , –9

Terms of Business Agreements (ToBAs): avoidance and premium

terms not relevant to actual loss , –16, , ; 1980 Law Commission proposals –5; 2006/7 Law Commissions’ proposals –9; 2012 and 2014 proposals –13; 2014 (7 Nov) proposal of Law Commissions –16; causation test , , –10, –13, , , , , ; condition precedent , ; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; effect of section 11 –7; examples –32; exclusion clauses –2, ; historical background ; interaction between sections 10 and 11 ; mischief , , ; not applicable to terms defining risk as a whole –19, , ; parliamentary passage of Insurance Bill –3; risk mitigation terms , –4

third-party beneficiaries: deliberate or reckless breach ; fair representation, duty of , , ,

time-specific warranties , , –27; examples of –7; risk becomes essentially same as originally contemplated , , –3; risk to which warranty relates –1

trade sanctions

transparency: contracting out of Act , , , , –23, ; examples , –17; sufficient steps to draw term to insured’s attention , , –17, , ; term must be clear and unambiguous as to effect , , –23

underwriters: date contract entered into , ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach , ; subscription risks , –9

underwriting at claims stage , ,

utmost good faith , , , , ; avoidance –14, , , , , , , , , ; commencement ; cut-off date , ; fraudulent claims , , , ; insured withholds information ; no remedy for insurer’s breach –4; remedies for post-contractual breach ; tool of interpretation –6

variations, contractual ; commencement , ; deliberate or reckless breach ; fair representation, duty of , ; neither deliberate nor reckless breach ; proportionate reduction of claim , ; remedies for breach of fair presentation duty –6; termination from date of variation

varying terms of contract: remedy for breach of fair presentation duty –4; example –41; excess insurance ; subscription risks

waivers , , , ; breach of warranty , ; confidential information ; disclosure putting insurer on notice , , ; fraudulent claims , ; privileged legal advice ; reasonably clear and accessible disclosure –2,

warranties , , , –9, , , ; attributable to test , , , , ; basis clauses –16, –3; change in circumstances ; commencement , , ; condition precedent , , , –40; confidentiality ; contracting out of Act: disadvantageous term ; disclosure and ; excuses for breach of ; general , , , –31, ; identification of ; implied , , ; interaction between sections 10 and 11 ; liability after breach remedied

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, ; liability before breach of ; mischief –7; no liability before breach remedied –14; of past or present fact , –5; play the system , ; premium payment , , , , ; remedying breach of general –31, ; remedying breach of time-sensitive –27; suspension, period of ; suspensory condition , ; time-specific , , –27; two types of –18; typhoon ; varying terms of contract: remedy for breach of fair presentation duty , ; see also terms not relevant to actual loss

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