Foreign Currency: Claims, Judgments and Damages
Page 343
INDEX
INDEX
References are to paragraphs- Account of profits –40,
- Agents
- Alternative money
- Appeals
- Applicable law / Governing law / Proper law
- Arbitration awards
- Attachment of earnings
- Austria
- Bailment –104
- Bank notes
- Banker’s set-off , ,
- Bankruptcy , , , –1
- Basic concepts
-
par of exchangePage 344
- Beneficiaries see Trusts, law of
- BerkShares
- Bitcoins (BTC) , ,
- Brandon Rule see under Set-off
- Breach-date rule
- Bretton Woods System , , ,
- Bribe, secret profit or commission fiduciaries –6
- Bristol Pound
- Burden of proof , , –32
- Calderbank letter ,
- Calgary Dollar
- Canadian Tire Money
- Cash
- Chattel or commodity
- Chinese RMB
- Coins/coinage
- Commodities linked to certain currency ,
- Commodity: alternative money
- Commodity or chattel
- money as , , –5, –6, –53, ,
- Common funds see Limited or common funds, claims against
- Company liquidation –17
- Concepts see Basic concepts
- Constructive trusts , ,
-
Contract
- account of profits
- alternative money
- applicable law , , , , , ,
- damages
- debts –81
- exchange losses, claiming damages for , , , , , , –13
- general , –16
-
general damages –124Page 345
- body of authority –14
- commercial certainty
- conclusions –3
- effect of case law –20
- introductory –95
- ‘most truly expresses his loss’ –2, , –2,
- non-pecuniary losses
- overview of choices of currency of damages
- subsequent developments: The Texaco Melbourne –9
- ‘the currency of damages’
- two-stage investigation
- gold clauses and protective clauses/measures –66
- governing law see applicable law
- indemnity
- interest , ,
- law see applicable law / procedural law
- Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement –6, , –9
- mitigation of damages and avoided loss –5
- money as commodity or chattel –6, –53, ,
- pre-Miliangos , , , ,
- procedural law
- proper law see applicable law
- protective clauses/measures –66
- recovery
- remoteness of damage –30
- restitutionary damages for breach of ,
- set-off , , , ,
- tender –40
- tort and , , , , , , ,
- unjust enrichment and restitution services or goods provided pursuant to contract –20
- Conversion (tort) –104,
- Convertibility
- Costs
- Cryptocurrency
- Currency
- Currency of account
- Currency of payment
- Defamation –32,
- Denmark , ,
- Digital currencies , , –23
-
Disclosure –42,Page 346
- Domestic currency
- Enforcement
- Equitable charge or equitable lien , –7
- Equitable set-off , , –33,
- Estoppel
- Euro ,
- European Central Bank (ECB) ,
- European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
- European Union
-
Evidence , –9
- see also Procedure and evidence
- Exchange losses see Foreign exchange losses, claiming damages for
- Exchange rate
- Expert evidence
- Fact and law , –100
- False imprisonment
- Fiat money , , –3,
- Fiduciaries
- Foreign currency
- Foreign exchange losses, claiming damages for
- France ,
- Fraud
- Fuzzy clauses
- General average –51
- Germany
- Gold clauses
-
Gold standardPage 347
- Greece , ,
- Indemnity
- Inflation
- Insolvency see Limited or common funds, claims against
- Insurance
- Interest
- International financial centre
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Interpleader/stakeholder proceedings –6
- Italy
-
Japanese yenPage 348
- Law and fact , –100
- Legal tender
- Lex monetae
- Liberty Dollar
- Limited or common funds, claims against
- Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement –6, , –9
- Managing agents see Principals and agents
- Miliangos decision
- Miliangos, English law before
- Mitigation of damages
- Money
- Money of account see Currency of account
- Money laundering
- Money of payment see Currency of payment
-
Motor accidentsPage 349
- Multinational corporations
- Negligence
- Nemo dat quod non habet
- New Zealand
- Nominal par
- Nominalism ,
- Northern Irish bank notes
- Nuisance
- Par of exchange
- Payment into court , , ,
- Personal injury
- Pleadings
- Pre-action conduct
- Pre-Miliangos see Miliangos, English law before
- Precedent , –3
- Principals and agents
-
Procedure and evidence
- arbitration awards –3
- burden of proof , , –32
- disclosure –42,
- elucidation –6
- enforcement
- evidence , –9
- fact and law , –100
- foreign currency losses –3
- general –4
- interpleader/stakeholder proceedings –6
- judgments
- law and fact , –100
- offers of settlement –67
-
payment into court , , ,Page 350
- pleadings
- pre-action conduct
- Proper law see Applicable law
- Protective clauses/measures
- Rate of exchange
- Real par
- Remoteness of damage
- Restitution
- Salvage contracts
- Scottish bank notes
- Secret profit or commission
-
Set-off
- alternative ideas: pre-insolvency
- banker’s , ,
- bankruptcy , ,
- Brandon Rule: Admiralty claims , –13, , ,
- claims assessed before liability determined
- commodity or chattel, money as
- company liquidation , , –5
- contractual , , , ,
- equitable , , –33,
- general
- insolvency , , , , –5
- legal , ,
- payments on account have been made
-
summaryPage 351
- unequal division of blame –2
- Sharia law
- Shipping market ,
- Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) , ,
- Specific performance , , ,
- Stakeholder/interpleader proceedings –6
- Statutory duty, breach of
- Sterling
- Sterling-breach-date rule see Breach-date rule
- Switzerland
- Taxation
- Tender see also Legal tender
- Time banks
-
Tort
- applicable law –13, , , , , –1
- contract and , , , , , , ,
- conversion –104,
- defamation –32,
-
The Despina R
- overview
- issues –18
- Court of Appeal’s decision –23
- observations on CA’s judgment –33
- House of Lords: the choices
- final decision: claimant’s currency –44
- principles drawn from case –9
- arguments against assessment in particular currency –1
- benefit of decision –4
- unresolved issues: agent’s currency –63
-
destruction of chattelsPage 352
- disclosure
- eggshell skull analogy
- financial loss
- foreign exchange losses, claiming damages for –21
- foreign law applied under Rome II
- general , , –6
- governing law see applicable law
- interest , ,
- mitigation –8
- multiple foreign claimants
- non-economic loss
- old law (pre-Miliangos) ,
- principles from The Despina R –9
- procedural law
- proper law see applicable law
- property damage
- restitution , –7
- Rome II
- summary –60
- Tracing –2
- Trusts, law of ,
- Uncertainty
- UNIDROIT Principles 2010 –2
-
United States
- 1930s: gold
-
alternative money , , ,Page 353
- coins
- dollars
- gold clauses
- gold standard
- time banks
- Unjust enrichment and restitution , –11, , ,