International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR
INDEX
INDEX
[All references are to paragraph numbers]- abandonment 66
- absolute liability
- accidents 9, ,
- Act of God
- Act of omission of sender or consignee ,
- Act of Parliament 6, 7
- action for carriage charges 107
- actions: commencement of period of limitation 44
- actions: commencement of proceedings
- actions: limitation (English domestic law) , 220
- actions: limitation (one-year period) 43
- actions: suspension of period of limitation 45
- acts and omissions of others (responsibility) 234
- ‘actual duration of carriage’ 58
- actual total loss (ATL)
- ADR 73, 82
- aeroplanes (perils)
- affrètement
- agency (English law) , 63
- agent/s ,
- aids to interpretation available to English judge
- alcohol , , 70, 89, , 101, , , ,
- Anlaβ der Beförderung des Gutes 98
- Anspruche aus unerlaubter Handlung
- ‘anticipatory breach’ 245, 249
- ‘apparent condition’ ,
- apportionment , , 90, 438
- carrier liability (English domestic law) 228
- arbitral proceedings , arbitration , 47
- argumentum ad ignorantiam 98 ‘assumption of responsibility’ test 229
- Atkinson, Lord
- ‘äuβerste, vernunftigerweise zumutbarer Sorgfalt’
- Australia , 215
- autonomous interpretation
- autonomous meaning approach ,
- avarie 6, 57, , 72
- ayant-droit
- azioni di regresso
- bad weather ,
- bailment , , 106, , 222
- Baltic Ferry
- bargaining power , 240
- Besitz des Gutes körperlich zu ergreifen 37
- Beweis erbringen 76
- bill of lading 24, , 213, , 217, 226, 236, 237
- Bingham, Lord , 50, , , 72, , , 229, 238
- branch or agency
- Brandt contract 38, , 50, , , 217
- breach of contract , , 227, 230, 234, , 236, 246, 248
- damages (English domestic law) 244
- termination of obligations 249
- breach of contract: nature 225
- British International Freight Association (BIFA) company
- Brussels Convention on Carriage by Sea
- Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgements in Civil and Commercial Matters (1968) see Table of Legislation
- burden of proof
- ‘but for’ test
- cabotage , 239
- cargo insurance
- carriage
- Carriage by Air and Road Act (UK, 1979) 1, 551–7
- carriage charges 98, 107, , 249, 250
- Carriage of Goods by Road Act (UK, 1965) 1,
- carriage by rail , 236, ,
- carriage by road
- carriage by sea 10, , , 15, , 209, , 217, 219, 220, 226, 229, , 236, , , 238, 242, 249
- carrier 9,
- carrier liability 19, 20,
- abandonment 66
- CMR (Article 28) 68, 448, 499
- common law and CMR 64
- damage 57
- damage not amounting to loss (Article 19) 58, 439, 490
- delay: consequences 59
- delivery short of destination 66
- disposal of goods documents 63
- ‘non-negligent’ ground non-performance 65, 66
- partial loss 55
- proof of delay 62
- proof of loss or damage (Article 30) 60, 61, 450, 501
- rebuttal of presumption of conforming delivery 61
- tort 67
- total loss 56
- carrier liability: Article 17.1 452, 488
- carrier liability: English domestic law
- apportionment: mixed causes 228
- basis of liability 222
- causation 227
- contract terms 223
- contract or tort 220
- conversion 231
- damages at common law 233
- nature of breach 225
- negligence 229
- negligent misstatement 230
- other torts 232
- pattern of liability 221
- proof of loss or damage 226
- responsibility for acts and omissions of others 234
- scope of employment 235
- scope of liability in time 224
- carrier responsible (Article 37a) , 457, 508
- carriers
- carrier’s defences
- carriers: duty to check loading by sender 87
- carrier’s lien 106, 251
- cas fortuit ,
- case law
- ‘cash against documents’
- cash on delivery
- causa (end pursued)
- causation , , , 98
- caution 37
- charges , , 98
- checks and reservations
- cheese 30,
- cheques
- ‘circumstances of case’ 77
- civil cases 76, 78
- ‘civil commotion’
- civil law , , , 101, 205
- Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) , 238
- civil war ,
- claim
- claimant ,
- claimant: title to sue 216
- claiming carrier
- claims: English domestic law
- claims: forum and defendant
- claims: jurisdiction 46
- claims: objective jurisdiction
- ‘class of persons’ , 238
- CMR: conflict of laws 8–
- contracts of carriage 10
- excluded goods 12
- goods 11
- goods not unloaded: ro-ro and piggyback transport 14
- international character 18
- law of contract apart from CMR 9
- multimodal transport 13
- multimodal transport: exclusion of CMR 15
- ‘for reward’ 17
- unilateral conflict rule 8 ‘vehicles’ 16
- CMR: gaps , 5, 64, 99
- CMR: international carriage 18
- CMR: interpretation
- CMR: regime in outline
- liability of carrier 19
- supplementing text of CMR 20
- Collins [initial/s n/a]
- collision
- comisionista de transporte 10, ,
- ‘commercial necessity’
- commercial purpose , 7
- ‘commercial trust’
- commissionnaire ,
- commissionnaire-expéditeur 10,
- commissionnaire de transport , , , , ,
- commissionnaire de transport assimilé au transporteur (Belgium)
- common law 20, , , , 50, , 56, , , , , , 79, , 94, 98, 101, , 103, 104, 105, 203
- apportionment 228
- carriage by rail (wilful misconduct)
- carrier liability 64, 222, 223
- concurrent liability 220
- consignee 35
- contracts of carriage 10,
- damages (carrier liability) 233
- dangerous goods 237
- delivery 37
- deviation , , fraud
- fundamental breach (sub-contracting) 240
- ‘implication of terms’ rule 209
- inherent vice
- law of contract 9
- negligence clauses
- reasonable dispatch
- rights of lien 251
- riot
- statutory derogations 4
- strict construction of exclusions
- sub-contracting 208
- title to sue 42
- transit 215
- common sense , , , 240,
- ‘comparative Convention’ approach
- compensation
- compensation claims
- compensation for:
- compensation limits 97,
- computers , ,
- conditio sine qua non , ,
- consignee 35
- act of omission
- consignor’s influence on rights of ~
- delivery, as agreed, without ~
- disposal of goods
- duties
- English domestic law 212
- goods damaged but not delivered to ~
- goods ‘kept until called for’
- justifiable postponement of delivery
- missing
- as owner
- refusal of damaged goods
- rights
- title to sue (rules of national law)
- wrongful refusal of delivery
- consignee: action against carrier 40
- consignment note 10, 18, 217
- consignment note: acceptance of goods
- consignment note: contracts of carriage
- consignment note: effect of statements 25
- consignor
- construction contra proferentem 238
- constructive total loss (CTL) ,
- containers
- contestation aimable
- contestation judiciare
- context , 205
- contra proferentem principle , , 205, 238, ,
- contract 220
- contract of carriage: English domestic law , , 251
- documentation 204
- formation of contract 202
- interpretation of contract 205
- terms of contract: notice 203
- title to sue 216
- contract of hire ,
- contract law 9, , 217, 219, 238, , 244,
- umbella agreements 10
- contract terms 223
- Contracts (Applicable Law) Act (1990) see Table of Legislation
- contracts of carriage 10
- contracts of carriage: documentation
- contracts to hire vehicles 10,
- contractual defences (English domestic law) 236
- Act of God
- act of omission of sender or consignee
- civil war
- consequences of war
- hostilities
- inherent vice
- latent defect
- packing (insufficient/improper)
- rebellion and insurrection
- restraints of labour
- riot
- seizure/forfeiture under legal process
- strikes
- unavoidable events
- wastage or natural deterioration
- ‘contractual negligence’ 238
- contractual obligations
- termination in case of breach 249
- termination in case of impossibility of performance 250
- contractual setting: networks
- contrat de service
- control 37, 234
- Convention on Contract for International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR, 1956)
- application
- authors 2
- broad principles of general acceptation
- English text 6,
- fiftieth anniversary conference (Deauville, 2006) 2
- French text 1, 6, 7,
- language 2
- ordinary meaning in context origins 1
- ‘plain meaning’ approach preamble 1
- purpose
- UK accession (1967) 1
- voluntary adoption 10
- wilful misconduct
- see also Table of Legislation
-
Convention Relative au Contrat de Transport International de Marchandises par Route (French text of CMR) 1, 6, 7,
- champ d’application
- conclusion et exécution du contrat de transport
- dispositions relatives au transport effectué par transporteurs successifs
- nullité des stipulations contraires à la Convention 512
- personnes dont répond le transporteur 474
- préambule 471
- réclamations et actions
- responsabilité du transporteur
- conventions-cadre 10
- ‘conversion’ (tort) 108, 231
- convoys 75,
- co-operation
- costs
- counterclaim and set-off , 219
- Court of Appeal 3, , , 10, , 239, 240, , 248, 249
- Court of Session 246
- crime
- criminal compensation
- criminal law ,
- ‘cross-Channel’ pattern 50
- culpa lata dolo aequiparatur
- currency 99
- custom [tradition] 30, , 205
- customs [tax] authorities
- customs documents , 92,
- customs duties , 95, 98
- damage 9, , 59,
- damage limitation
- damage not amounting to loss (Article 19) 58, 439, 490
- damage to property
- damaged goods
- damages , , 241
- assessment 245
- carrier liability (common law) 233
- damages for breach of contract
- English domestic law 244
- damages in tort 248
- dangerous goods , , 69, 73, 442
- ‘decay’ 89
- deceit 232, 233, 248
- deck carriage
- défaut de lien de droit 217
- defences
- defences available to both parties (English domestic law)
- avoidance: economic duress 242
- avoidance: misrepresentation 241
- non-enforcement: illegality 243
- defences available to carrier
- defences available to carrier (English domestic law)
- construction contra proferentem 238
- contractual defences 236
- dangerous goods 237
- fundamental breach 240
- Unfair Contract Terms Act (1977) 239
- defendants: choice (successive carriage) 50
- défense du fond
- delay ,
- proof 62
- see also ‘loss, damage, delay’
- delay: amounting to total loss (Article 20.1) , 440, 490
- delay: consequences 59
- delict ,
- delivery 37
- ‘delivery against documents’
- delivery short of destination 66
- demande d’indemnisation
- demande reconventionnelle ou d’exception
- déménagement
- demurrage
- Denning, Lord (MR) , , , , , 219,
- destination 34
- English domestic law 212
- ‘detention’
- détérioration interne et spontanée 89
- deviation
- devoir de conseil 30
- dictionaries 6
- digital waybills 23
- Dilhorne, Lord , ,
- Diplock, Lord , 6,
- dishonesty 241
- dispatch (reasonable)
- dispositions impératives de loi
- doctrine
- documentation/documents 226, 233
- dol 101, , ,
- dommage
- Donaldson (J) , 72, 77,
- drivers , 30, , , , , 203, 208, 234, , ,
- personal injuries 92
- droit commun , 45
- droit étroit drugs (illegal)
- due diligence , , 236
- dunnage duplication of actions
- duty of care 73, 79, , 227
- ‘fair and reasonable’ test 229
- negligent misstatement 230
- economic duress 242
- economic loss , 246,
- Edmund-Davies, Lord 6, 249
- ‘effectiveness’ principle
- eggs
- Einführ-Umsatzsteuer 98
- ejusdem generis 205
- electronic mail , 202
- employment 234
- end of road
- English domestic law
- ‘English nightmare’ (Theunis) 13
- equipment 30, , , 209,
- ‘equivalent default’ see wilful misconduct
- estoppel , 52, , ,
- EUR (shipowners)
- ‘European Principles’ (Denning)
- events
- evidence
- excise duty 98
- excluded goods 12
- exonerating events ,
- expectation loss , 98, 245
- expéditeur
- expenses
- experts 6, 98, 238
- expressio unius (est exclusio alterius) , 205
- ‘extra-contractual claim’
- ‘fact’ 241
- ‘fair and reasonable’ test 229, 230,
- fait de l’expéditeur 70
- faute dolosive 101,
- faute grave 101
- faute inexcusable 101
- faute lourde 31, , 35, , 87, , 101, , ,
- faute particulièrement lourde fax 202, 203
- fire ,
- fish/seafood , , , 56, , 89,
- flowers/plants 30, 89,
- force majeure , , 75, , ,
- forum and defendant
- forum non conveniens
- forwarder/s 10, 223,
- forwarding agent ,
- ‘four corners of contract’ 66, 101
- fraud 23, , , 231, 232, 233, , 241
- see also wilful misconduct
- free on board (FOB)
- free on rail (FOR)
- free on truck (FOT) ,
- frei Deutsche Grenze
- freight charges 244
- freight forwarder/s 10, ,
- freinte de route 80
- fruit 30, 37, , 60, , 65, , 71, 72, 73, , 82, , 89, ,
- ‘fundamental breach’ , , 213, 221, 240
- funeral consignments
- furniture ,
- Gefährdungshaftung , ,
- Gerichtspraxis
- German Commercial Code
- gesamtschuldnerische Haftung 50
- Gewahrsam 37
- Giuliano, Professor 9
- glass 76, 77, 79, 86, , 88, 89,
- Glass, D. A.
- Goff, Lord , , 235, 246
- good faith , , 7,
- goods 11
- goods delayed
- restitution 108
- goods: disposal 32
- goods not unloaded: ro-ro and piggyback transport 14
- gross negligence ,
- grosse Fahrlässigkeit , , , ,
- groupage 82
- Haak, K. F.
- Haftungen für vermutetes Verschulden ,
- Hague Rules see Table of Legislation
- haulage contracts 10,
- Highest Tribunal of Russian Federation
- ‘Hill and Messent’
- Hoffmann, Lord , , 238, 246
- Hoffmann rules
- höhere Gewalt ,
- hostilities
- House of Lords (UK) 3, , , , , 6, 10,
- Hutton, Lord 241
- illegality 243
- impossibility
- impossibility of performance
- indemnity (Article 37) 52, 457, 508
- information
- sender liability 26
- in pari delicto
- ‘inherent vice’ 20, , 72, , , 205, 221, 222, , 236,
- inhérente à leur constitution (defect) 72
- insolvable inspection
- ‘instructions of claimant’ (defence) 71
- insurance , 100, , ,
- interest (on compensation) 99
- intermodal carriage
- International Institute for Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) 2,
- international law , 6, ,
- International Road Union (IRU) 23
- ‘interpretation’ 3
- see also aids to interpretation
- journey
- cash on delivery: cash 39
- cash on delivery: liability 38
- consignee 35, 213
- delivery 37, 215
- destination 34, 212
- difficulties on road 33, 211
- disposal of goods 32
- English domestic law
- loading 28, 207
- reasonable dispatch , route 31, 210
- sub-contracting 29, 208
- taking over the goods 27, 206
- transhipment , unloading 36, 214
- vehicle 30, 209
- jurisdiction
- jurisdiction agreed by parties
- jurisprudence constante
- jus tertii 231
- just-in-time (JIT) delivery
- Lagarde, Professor 9
- language , , , , 6
- ‘dress of thought’ 246
- ‘latent defect’ 72, ,
- Law Commission ,
- law of place of destination 9
- Lawton (LJ) , 6, 98
- Leges speciales 64
- legislation see Table of Legislation
- lex fori , , 40, 45, , 46, , 47, 76, 78, 101,
- lex loci 51
- lex loci contractus 9
- lex loci delicti commissi 68
- lex rei sitae 106
- lex situs 108
- lex specialis , ,
- liability
- liability regime 2
- lis pendens ,
- livestock 91, 223,
- loading 28, , 92, 98
- location de véhicule avec équipage
- Loewe, R. 1, 30, , 37, , 70, 95, 99,
- Lohnfuhrvertrag (hire contract, Austria)
- lo-lo [lift on, lift off] transport 14
- loss 9, ,
- loss, damage, delay (LDD) 54, , , , 68, 69, , , 73, , 75, , , 76, 79, , 227, 234, , , 245
- loss of market
- loss of production
- Macmillan, Lord
- Mance (J/LJ) 10, 13,
- mandat
- ‘marble table of Moses’ ,
- marine transit insurance cover 215
- maritime cases
- maritime charterer
- maritime law 92, 209
- ‘maritime rule’ 219
- ‘market’
- marks 90
- ‘material facts’
- ‘matrix of fact’ , 7, , 205, 238
- meat 30, , , 72, 77, , 89, , , , , 98, , 236, 249
- misdelivery , , 238
- misrepresentation 241
- ‘mistake of law’ 241
- mode on mode movements 13
- Montreal Convention (1999) 57
- Morris, Lord 246
- Morton rules
- multimodal transport , 13, , 50
- multimodal transport: exclusion of CMR 15
- multimodal transport: exclusion of CMR: conditions prescribed
- mushrooms , 209
- National Association of Warehouse-Keepers’
- national law 8, , 21, , , , , , 104
- national law: title to sue 41
- ‘natural and ordinary meaning’ rule , 7, , , , , 205
- necessity
- ‘neglect of [by] claimant’ (defence) 70
- negligence , , 222, 223, , 241
- ‘negligence equations’ (Hodgson J) 75
- negligent misstatement 230, 232
- ‘network system’ , 15
- non-contractual liability 67
- non-delivery non-enforcement: illegality 243
- ‘non-fulfilment’ 66
- non-performance 65, 66
- non-responsibility (presumption) 76
- nova causa interveniens 241
- novus actus interveniens (tort) 227, 233, 248
- Obhutshaftung (duty of care) , 63
- ‘objective approach’
- objective jurisdiction
- obligation de résultat
- Oliver, Lord 230
- operational convenience
- ‘opinion’ 241
- ordinary residence
- ‘ordinary transport by road’
- owner-drivers
- owner of goods
- packing 11, , 30, 70, 72, , , , 76, , 79
- packing: defective , 86, 89, 90, , 437
- pacta sunt servanda
- paintings/artworks 30, , , 89,
- Paramount clause , , 24, 426, 427
- parking ,
- Parliament
- partial loss 55, 57, 94,
- party to contract
- Pearce, Lord , 246
- performance failure 245
- performance: impossibility
- termination of contractual obligation 250
- period of limitation
- commencement 44
- suspension 45
- perishable goods , 72, 89, 251
- person with right of disposal
- personal injury
- photocopies 13, ,
- physical damage
- piggyback transport 14, 24
- ‘place designated for delivery’
- place of take-over or delivery
- positive Vertragshaftung 64, 97
- possession 37
- postal movements 12,
- Potter (LJ) 233,
- pourvoi rejeté 85
- préjudice
- présomption de faute , 60
- présomption de responsabilité
- présomption simple 25
- preuve complète et précise
- ‘principal’
- ‘principal place of business’ ,
- prise en charge sur camion 27
- private international law ,
- private law
- privity of contract , ,
- procedural good faith 240
- ‘prohibition’
- ‘promise’ 241
- proof of loss or damage (Article 30) 60, 457, 501
- proportionality
- proprio vigore application 8, 10, , , ,
- Protocol of Vilnius (1999) 2
- ‘proximity’ 229, 230
- public policy 243, ,
- public policy: special risks (Article 41) 92, 461, 512
- rail transport 2
- see also carriage by rail
- ‘reasonable availability’ , 238
- reasonable care , 91
- reasonable dispatch
- ‘reasonable person’ , , 238, 246
- reasonable time
- reasonableness
- rebellion and insurrection
- rebuttal of presumption of conforming delivery: proof of loss or damage 61
- receipts 37
- réception 37
- rechthebbende ‘recoupment’ rule 219
- recours
- recourse
- basis of liability between carriers 51
- indemnity and contribution (Article 37) 52, 457, 508
- jurisdiction (Article 39) 53, 459, 510
- recourse: indemnity and contribution (Article 37) 52, 457, 508
- recourse: jurisdiction under Article 39 459, 510
- ‘red light’ case , ,
- refrigeration 72, , , 77, , , 89, , , , , 240
- Reifentrick
- remedies
- action for carriage charges 107
- assessment of damages 245
- carrier’s lien 106, 251
- common cases 247
- compensation , 244, 248
- English domestic law
- innocent party 249
- remoteness of damage 246
- restitution of goods delayed 108
- termination of obligations: breach 104, 249
- termination of obligations: impossibility of performance 105, 250
- remoteness of damage , 98, 246, 248
- ‘probability factor’ 246
- ‘remoteness’ rule 227
- res ipsa loquitur 77
- rescission 241, 249
- reservations
- réserve insuffisamment motivée
- responsibility for acts of others 48
- restitution of goods delayed 108
- restraints of labour
- ‘reward’ 17
- Richards LJ 234
- ‘right person’
- riot , 205,
- risk , , 75, 211,
- risk allocation 202
- Rix (LJ) , , ,
- road carriers
- road difficulties
- Road Haulage Association Ltd: Conditions of Carriage (1998) 571–87
- carrier’s charges 579
- dangerous goods 574
- definitions 572
- fraud 581
- indemnity to carrier 583
- law and jurisdiction 587
- liability for loss or damage 580
- lien 585
- limitation of liability 582
- loading and unloading 575
- parties and sub-contracting 573
- signed receipts 576
- transit 577
- time limits for claims 584
- undelivered or unclaimed consignments 578
- unreasonable detention 586
- see also Table of Standard Conditions
- road hauliers
- roadworthiness , 209, 236
- Rodière, R. 8, 9, 10, , , , , 50, , 70, , 98, roll-on, roll-off 13, 14, 82
- Roskill, Lord , , 6, , 219
- Rotterdam Rules 2,
- route 31
- Ruckgriffsanspruche
- rupture brutale
- rust 89,
- Salmon, Lord , 219
- sanglage 85
- Saville (J) ,
- Scarman, Lord
- Scrutton (LJ)
- ‘Scrutton’ (maritime tome)
- sea waybills
- Securicor Conditions see Table of Standard Conditions
- Seizure
- sender
- sender: liability
- sender: liability for defective packing 83
- sender: liability for information 26
- sender’s agents
- sensitive goods 30, 72, , , 89, 91, 209,
- sensitivity
- service of notices
- shipowners ,
- shipping 233
- shipping law 219
- ships (perils)
- Sinn und Zweck
- smuggling , 101,
- soins d’un bon père de famille 79
- Sonderfälle 64
- Spain: Law on Contracts for Land Carriage of Goods (2009) 8
- Special Drawing Right , 554, 555
- special equipment 30, ,
- special interest 24, 92, , , , 98, 100, 108, 426, 443, 446, 582
- special risks 69, 73, , 437
- carrier: duty to check loading by sender 87
- counter-proof by claimant 86
- defective packing of goods
- defects becoming apparent during journey 88
- lack of packing 81
- livestock 91
- loading and stowage by sender 85
- marks 90
- open unsheeted vehicles 80
- public policy (Article 41) 92, 461, 512
- sensitive goods 89
- special risks: onus of proof , 92
- spéditeur , ,
- standard contract forms 9
- Standgeld
- ‘statement of law’ 241
- Staughton (J) , , ,
- Steyn, Lord 235, 238
- stipulation pour autrui , 217
- storage , 66
- stowage , 28, , , , 85, 86, , , 98,
- Strachan, Lord
- Strassenverkehrsgesetz (StVG) ,
- strikes ,
- sub-bailment
- sub-carrier , 46, , 56, 66, , , , , 92
- sub-contracting , 29, 50, , , , 240
- sub-contractors 10, , , , 15,
- successive carriage 9, 50, , 456
- sugar ,
- supplementary aids , 7
- sur renvoi survey fees 93, 98
- Sweden 1,
- Switzerland 1,
- tätsachliche Gewalt 37
- telefax , 202, 203
- ‘teleological construction’
- teleology: commercial purpose
- telephone , , , , , , 202, 577
- telex , , , , 202
- ‘tender of delivery’
- terrorism
- Tetley, W.
- theft , 75, , 205, 227, 228, , ,
- third parties , , 231,
- time , 221
- time charters , 219
- time limits , , 249
- titre pour le transport des marchandises par mer
- tort , , 50, , 67, 68, 77, 216, 220, 227, 229, 232, , , 246
- total loss 44, , 54, 56, 66, 94, , 98,
- trains (perils)
- transhipment ,
- transit , 215, 219,
- ‘transit clause’ 224
- transit insurance
- translation 203
- transport combiné 13
- transport superposé 13
- transportation contract 10,
- transporteur professionnel 10
- travaux préparatoires 2, , 7, , 51, , , 98
- Treu und Glauben (Austria) 101
- treuwidrige schuldhafte Vertragsletzung
- ‘tumult’
- tyres ,
- umbrella contract 10, 11
- Umzugsgut
- unabwendbares Ereignis
- unavoidable circumstances , 72, 79, , 105
- unavoidable delay
- unavoidable events
- underwriters , , 219
- Unfair Contract Terms Act (1977) 239, 240, 251
- uniform commercial law
- uniform law , , , , 7, , 18
- unilateral conflict rules 8,
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- ‘unlawful seizure’
- unloading , 36
- English domestic law 214
- ‘usual route’
- utmost care , , 79, , 91, 437
- utmost care in practice 75
- Vallescura rule (USA)
- vandalism , 79, 226
- vegetables 57, , 72, 89,
- vehicle/s 14, 16, 30
- ‘defective condition’ 30
- English domestic law 209
- open unsheeted 80
- vehicle defects (Article 17.3) , 437, 488
- vehicle hire 10,
- vehicles: specially-equipped
- vendeur au départ
- verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem 238
- Verfügungsberechtigte
- verhaal
- vérification contradictoire 25
- vernünftiger, sorgfältiger Frachtführer
- verschärften Sorgfaltsanforderungen
- Verschuldenshaftung mit umgekehrter Beweislast 91
- Vertragsverletzung , , 65, 66
- vice propre 72
- Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (1969)
- see also Table of Legislation
- Vorsatz 101
- vraisemblance 77
- waiver and estoppel ,
- war: consequences
- Warsaw Convention on Carriage by Air (1929) ,
- wastage or natural deterioration
- weekend anglais
- Widerklage oder Einrede
- Wilberforce, Lord , , , 6, , 240
- wilful misconduct , 99, 101, 240, 449
- wilful misconduct: equivalent default 101, , 102,
- wilful misconduct: in practice 103
- ‘without prejudice’ 108
- Wright, Lord
- written claim
- ‘wrongful act’ defence , 70