i-law

Document

Page 613

Index

Index

abuse of dominant position –
- assessment of dominance –
- examples –
- identification of relevant geographic market –
- identification of relevant product market
- impact on trade between member states –

action in personam –,

action in rem –
- claims procedure –
- collisions
- ship arrest –

Admiralty Court ,
- action in rem
- arrest –
- priority of claims

Admiralty jurisdiction of High Court –

affreightment contract , ,

agency
- brokers
- court jurisdiction –

anti-suit injunctions
- arbitration –
- contempt of court ,
- delay
- discretion ,
- granted by arbitration tribunal ,
- jurisdiction –
- Jurisdiction Regulation, and –
- Recast jurisdiction Regulation, and –

anti-technicality clauses , –

arbitration –
- advantages over court litigation
- anti-suit injunction –
- assignment
- damages for breach of agreement
- direct action against insurer
- incorporation of clause in charterparty –
- jurisdiction of tribunal
- recognition and enforcement –
- subrogated insurer
- valid agreement –

archipelagic waters
- maritime zones ,

armed personnel –

arrest –, –
- caution against –
- consequences
- cross–border insolvency, and –
- judicial sale –
- release of ship under
- wrongful, damages for –

arrived ship
- laytime –

Asbatankvoy charterparties , ,

assignment
- abandonment, and
- jurisdiction ,

Association of Average Adjusters

Association of European Shipbuilders and Shiprepairers Form see AWES Form

Athens Convention (1974) –
- Jurisdiction
- direct action against insurer

Athens Regulation
- carriage of passengers
- direct action against insurer
- jurisdiction ,

atmospheric pollution –

AWES Form

bailment ,
- towage and carriage –

Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO)

banks
- rejection of documents by –

Page 614

Basel Convention –, –
- scrapping of ships –

bearer bills –

bills of lading

bollard pull and brake horsepower (BHP)

Brandt v Liverpool contract

breach by owner
- remedies –

Brexit
- impact on competition law in maritime industry –

Bunker Convention (International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage) (2001) –

burden of proof , , –, –

cabotage sector
- Article 101, and –

cargo
- liens on –

cargo claims –
- Brandt v Liverpool contract

cargo insurance –
- Institute Cargo Clauses
- limits of cover –
- losses –
- scope of policy –

carriage, contract of
- breach –
- parties to
- terms –

carriage of goods by sea
- towage, and –

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (1992) –
- bearer bills –
- bills of lading made out to order of named consignee who is not shipper –
- lawful holders of bills of lading
- sea waybills –
- shipper’s order bills
- ship’s delivery orders
- straight bills of lading –

carriage of hazardous wastes, pollution from –

carriage of passengers –
- Athens Convention (1974) –
- Athens Regulation
- basis of liability –
- commercial reality
- compulsory insurance
- Covid-19, and –
- direct action ,
- EU law for sea passengers –
- jurisdiction –
- legal framework –
- liability for damage or loss of luggage and vehicles –
- liability for loss of life and personal injury –
- limits of liability –,
- time bar –
- withdrawal of UK from European Union –

carrier
- excluding or limiting liability –
- proving breach –
- bill of lading incorporating charterparty terms –
- contract itself –
- charterparty –

carrier identity in cargo claims –
- claimant charterer, where
- claimant not charterer, where
- claiming against “actual” carrier –
- nature of problem

cash against documents transactions
- curing documentary tender
- seller’s duties to buyer –

causation –, –

Central Register of British Ships, Cardiff –,

cesser clauses

charterers
- title to sue

Page 615

charterparties –
- breach by owner, remedies –
- deviation –
- frustration –
- Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules –
- reasonable despatch –
- safe ports –
- seaworthiness –
- shipbrokers –
- timing at beginning –

Choice of Court Agreements –

choice of law clause , , ,

c.i.f (cost, insurance and freight) contracts –

claimant’s potential liability towards carrier –

claimant’s title to sue –
- complexities –
- f.o.b seller and title to sue
- Hague-Visby Rules –
- identity of carrier –
- locus standi
- loss of claimant, proving –
- no doubt about title to sue
  - charterers
  - shippers
- party with title to sue claiming for benefit of another –
- privity problem –
- problems with title to sue not solved by 1992 Act –

claims
- action in rem –
- Brexit, enforcement and
- contract –
- enforcement
- excluded from liability –
- handling
- limitation of liability –, –
- paid out of limitation fund –
- port authorities –
- prioritisation –, –
- procedure for in rem –
- provisions
- settlement –
- shipper –
- third party –
- tort –
- unseaworthiness, and

classification societies –

clause paramount –

clausing bills –

CLC Convention (International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage)

climate change –

CMI (Comité Maritime International) –, ,

Coast Guard
- European Border Agency –
- flag state jurisdiction
- US policy

collisions –
- action in rem in respect of
- apportionment of liability
- causation –
- investigation –
- liability for damage –
- regulations
- time bars
- towing operation, during –
- who can claim in respect of damage –

“Collision Statement of Case” (formerly Preliminary Act)

collusive behaviours
- control (TFEU Art 101) –

COLREGs (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea) (1972)

common law –
- forum non conveniens –
- jurisdiction agreement –
- tonnage limitation –

community law
- domestic contract, in a , –
- Rome I
- Rome II

competition law –
- Article 101 TFEU –
- Article 101 and tramp shipping and cabotage sectors –
- Brexit, impact of –
- compliance with Article 101 –
- compliance with Article 102 –
- current scenario for liner conferences –
- effect on trade between Member States –
- general consequences in case of non–compliance
- horizontal agreements in maritime transport sector –
- liner shipping, definition
- meaning –
- Merger Regulation –
- merger regulation in shipping industry –
- possibility of individual exemption under Article 101(3) –
- Page 616
  
  recent mergers decisions in EU maritime sector –
- relevant market definition –
- shipping consortia –
- tramp shipping, definition

compliance
- Article 101, with –
- Article 102, with –
- enforcement, and –
- non–compliance ,
- role of classification societies, and –
- safety, and –
- STCW compliance, responsibility for

conditions
- employment, of
- exceptions, and
- insurance –

confirmation notes
- contracts
- seller’s documentary duties

conflict of laws –
- arbitration –
- court jurisdiction –
- governing law –

consortia
- shipping –

construction
- letter of undertaking –
- regulation of hazardous materials –
- ship standards –

Contact Group on Piracy

contracting governments

contracts
- carriage of , –
- c.i.f and f.o.b –
- claims –
- domestic –, –
- formation of insurance –
- sale –,
- salvage –
- shipbuilding –
- terms –, –
- towage, of –
- wreck-raising

contractual exceptions

contractual framework
- shipbuilding, and –

contra proferentem rule , ,

contributory negligence ,
- defence of , , ,
- liability

Conwartime clause

court jurisdiction see jurisdiction

Covid-19
- carriage of passengers, and –

crew wages
- charterer’s obligation
- maritime liens
- piracy –
- voyage charterparty

cross-border insolvency
- arrest, and –

cross-elasticity

cruise ships ,

culpa in contrahendo

customary international law –

damages

deadfreight
- voyage charterparty , ,

death or injury
- “pay to be paid” rule
- time bar

defective tender
- seller’s right to cure –

delivery

de minimis allowance

demise charterparty , –
- definition –

demurrage –
- calculation
- damages for detention distinguished –

deviation –

deviation rule

diplomatic immunity

direct action against insurer

discharge
- notice of loss at

Page 617

Document of Compliance (DOC)
- ISM Code , ,

documentation
- record keeping, and

Donaldson Report

Dover Coastguard

drilling platforms
- object of salvage, as

D terms (destination/arrival or delivered contracts) ,

EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index)

EEIGs (European Economic Interest Groupings)
- registration of ships –

EEZ (exclusive economic zone) –
- bunkering –
- creeping jurisdiction –
- law enforcement –

EMSA (European Maritime Safety Agency) –
- training

encumbrances
- sale of second–hand tonnage –

enforcement
- compliance, and –
- EEZ –
- judgments, of –
- recognition, and –

enforcement of maritime claims –
- action in rem –,
- action in rem in respect of collisions
- Admiralty jurisdiction of High Court –
- group of one–ship sister companies –
- limitation actions –
- priority of claims –
- procedure for claims in rem –
- procedures
- ship arrest – see also arrest
- withdrawal from EU, and

English Channel

Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) (2004)

Environmental Protection Agency, US

equitable set off
- deductions from hire (time charterparties) –

estoppel
- weakness

EU law for sea passengers –
- compensation for delay and cancellation –
- protection for passengers on travel package –
- protection of passengers with disability or reduced mobility –

EU, withdrawal from
- enforcement of maritime claims, and

European Commission
- anti–suit injunctions
- form of assistance
- IGA
- jurisdiction
- Merger Regulation
- MLC
- Regulation 4056/86 , –
- Rome II

European Economic Community (EEC)
- creation

European Ship Recycling Regulation (EU–SRR)

European Union (EU)
- UK withdrawal from –

evidence
- physical performance, of
- third party claims –

exclusion of liability –
- valuables, for

ex works contracts (E terms) ,

FD&D (freight, demurrage and defence) cover

Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fat Associations Ltd (FOSFA)

“final clauses” in international conventions
- becoming party to IMO conventions –

financial issues –
- basic structure of ship finance agreement –
- registration of mortgages –

flag States
- administrations –, –
- European
- Non-traditional –
- port state control ,
- rights over shipping –
- statutory surveys

floating production storage and offloading units (FPSO) ,

floating storage units (FSUs)

f.o.b (free on board) contracts –

f.o.b seller
- title to sue, and

fog, navigation in ,

foi publique doctrine

“follow the settlements” clauses –

foreseeability

forum non conveniens –

freedom of choice –, –

freedom of navigation , , , –

freezing injunctions –
- assets subject to –
- consequences –
- when English courts can issue –
- when English courts will issue –
- worldwide –

Page 618

freight
- voyage charterparty –

freight prepaid

frustration –

fundamental breach
- doctrine of ,
- secondary obligation
- unjustified deviation

GAFTA (Grain and Feed Trade Association)

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Gencon charterparty

general average –

General Lighthouse Authorities –

General Underwriters Agreement (GUA)

good faith
- post–contractual duty –

“good seamanship”

goods

governing law –

greenhouse gases

Hague Rules (1924)/Hague–Visby Rules (1968) charterparties –
- time bar , , ,

Hague-Visby Rules
- application –
- cargo claims –

Hamburg Rules (1978)
- charterparties –
- time bar ,

hazardous and noxious substances –

Herald of Free Enterprise disaster (1987) –

high seas –

HNS Convention (International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 1996) –,

HNS Fund –

hull and machinery insurance –
- causation –
- collision liability
- debility
- fortuity –
- general average
- Page 619
  
  Inchmaree clause –
- losses –
- perils of the seas
- salvage
- sue and labour –
- unseaworthiness
- wilful misconduct –

ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) –,

ICJ (International Court of Justice)
- judgments –
- Nottebohm Case

ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) ,

IHM (International Certificate on Inventory of Hazardous Materials) –,

illegality
- warranty of

IMDGC (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code)

IMF (International Monetary Fund) ,

IMO (International Maritime Organization) –
- becoming party to conventions –
- competent international organization in UNCLOS –
- conventions of multilateral treaties –
- role –
- structure –

Inchmaree clause –

Incoterms (ICC Official Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms) –,
- wording for 2020 Rules –

injunctions see freezing injunctions

innominate terms

Institute Cargo Clauses

insurance –
- brokers –
- cargo –
- conditions –
- contracting out of Insurance Act 2015
- deemed full disclosure –
- disclosure
- duty of fair presentation of risk –
- facts that need not be disclosed –
- formation of contracts –
- hull and machinery –
- inducement –
- leading underwriter –
- material facts –
- materiality –
- open market placement –
- post-contractual duty of good faith –
- premium –
- presumption of inducement –
- protection and indemnity –
- remedy for breach of duty of fair presentation of risk –
- subrogation –
- sue and labour expenses –
- terminology –
- waiver of breach
- warranties –

Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation

internal waters –

International Association of Marine Insurance (IUMI)

International Group Agreement (IGA)

International Group of P&I Clubs , , –

international law –
- academic writings –
- customary –
- judicial decisions –
- place in shipping world –
- sources –
- treaties –

International Ready for Recycling Certificate

International Salvage Union (ISU) , ,

International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC) –

international trade –
- carriage arrangements –
- c.i.f contracts –
- contract and its terms –
- f.o.b contracts –
- international commercial sales on shipment terms –
- parties to contract of carriage
- passing of risk and property in goods –
- performance of contract –
  - see performance of contract
- rejection of goods –
  - see rejection of goods
- risk of market fluctuations –

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) ,
- The Camouco
- The Juno Trader
- The Louisa
- The Monte Confurco –
- The M/V Saiga (No 2) ,
- The Volga

investigation
- collisions, of –

IOPC Fund Convention ,
- Page 620
  
  Landcatch Ltd v International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund

ISM Code –
- cargo claims
- certification –
- control –
- designated person
- impact on litigation –
- insurance cover –
- limitation of liability –
- unseaworthiness
- verification –

ISPS Code –
- commercial and insurance implications –
- contracting governments
- legal and commercial implications –
- overview –
- port facilities
- ports
- ships entering port –
- training ,

Japan Shipping Exchange Form see Nipponsale Form

judicial decisions –

jurisdiction –

jurisdictional issues

Kyoto Protocol 1997 , –

laytime –
- arrived ship –
- calculation of –
- notice of readiness –
- readiness –

League of Nations Conference on the Codification of International Law (1930)

letter of indemnity (LOI) ,

letters of credit –

letters of undertaking
- protection and indemnity insurance –

liability
- apportionment
- Athens Conventions –
- bunker oil pollution –
- carriage of hazardous waste –
- carriage of passengers –
- carrier –
- claimants
- collision damage –
- exceptions
- faults of ships under pilotage –
- ISM Code –
- limitations –, –, –
- Merchant Shipping Act (1995)
- oil pollution, for –
- pollution from hazardous and noxious substances –
- ports and harbours
- three-fourths collision
- time bar –

liens –
- cargo, on –
- sub–freight, on , , –
- freight prepaid

liens, maritime –

limitation fund
- claims paid out –
- consequences –
- constitution of –
- establishment and distribution of –
- shipowner’s –

limitation of liability –
- claims excluded from –
- claims paid out of limitation fund
- claims subject to –
- consequences of constitution of limitation fund –
- constitution of limitation fund –
- counterclaims –
- jurisdictional issues –
- limits –
- loss of life –
- multiplicity of defendants –
- owners limiting liability against each other –
- Page 621
  
  personal injury –
- ports and harbours
- priority of claims –
- privilege lost, when –
- property damage
- ships subject to –
- who is entitled –
- without constitution of fund –

liner shipping
- definition

liquified natural gas (LNG) –

liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

lis pendens ,

litigation
- impact of ISM Code –

Lloyd’s Coffee House

Lloyd’s Maritime Law Newsletter –

Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF)
- “No Cure–No Pay” –

locus standi

claimant’s title to sue –,

f.o.b seller

London Maritime Arbitrators’ Association (LMAA)

London Market , –,

losses
- proving by claimant –

mandatory provisions
- overriding –,

Marchioness disaster (1989)

Mareva injunctions see freezing injunctions

marine pollution –
- see also pollution

maritime industry see shipping industry

Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) (2006) –

maritime zones –

market fluctuations
- risk –

market foreclosure

Mediterranean Yacht Brokers Association Memorandum of Agreement (MYBA MOA)

Memorandum of Agreement –, ,

Merger Regulation framework –

minimum rest periods
- shipowners’ responsibilities

misrepresentation ,
- duty of fair presentation of risk

mortgages
- registration –

MRC (Market Reform Contract)

multiple defendants
- court jurisdiction –

multiple proceedings
- court proceedings –

Nairobi Convention (2007) –

nationality of ships –

negotiorum gestio

NEWBUILDCON ,

New York Produce Exchange (NYPE) form –

Nipponsale Form (1999)

Norwegian Sale Form (NSF) –,

Norwegian Standard Form of Shipbuilding Contract

Notice of Actual Readiness (NOAR)

notice of readiness
- laytime –

notice of readiness for delivery (NORD)

novus casus interveniens

OBOs (Oil/Bulk/Ore ships)

off hire
- time charterparties –

oil pollution –

open covers
- cargo insurance

Open Market Placement –

opinio iuris sive necessitatis

customary international law

out turn clauses

P&I Clubs –

P&O/Nedlloyd Container Line Ltd –

package and unit limitation ,

pacta tertiis principle

Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (1982)

Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas ,

passengers see carriage of passengers

passing of risk and property in the goods –

“pay to be paid” rule –

performance of contract
- as agreed in sale contract –
- conditions by contract –
- conditions by law –
- seller’s documentary duties –
  - to bank under letter of credit –
  - to buyer under sale contract
- seller’s physical duties –
- shipping contractual goods –

pilotage –
- definition
- liability for faults of ships under –
- liability of –
- liability of harbour authority –
- shipowner’s vicarious liability –
- statutory provisions –

piracy
- general average –

piracy clause
- time charterparty –

places of refuge –

pollution –
- carriage of hazardous wastes –
- EC Directive 2004/35 –
- EU provisions –
- hazardous and noxious substances –
- radioactive substances –
- ship standards in construction, operation and manning –
- UK withdrawal from EU –

port safety management

port state control

ports and harbours –
- claims by port authorities –
- limitation of liability
- places of refuge –

private international law ,
- see also international law

Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions Act) (1995) , , –

private law
- evidentiary value of the register –
- ship registration

privity problem –

promissory estoppel –,

Protection and Indemnity insurance (P&I insurance) –
- calls
- claims handling
- claims settlement
  - disputes –
- club letters of undertaking –
- conditions
- direct action
- exceptions
- freight, demurrage and defence cover
- International Group of P&I Clubs –
- letter of undertaking –
- managers’ agents
- mutual system
- pay to be paid rule –
- risks covered –
- structure of clubs –
- technical advice and support –
- underwriting

proving claimant’s loss –
- clausing bills –
- estoppel weaker than it seems
- notice of loss at discharge
- third party claim
  - conclusive evidence –
- weight and quantity unknown clauses –
- where shipper claims
  - prima facie presumption –

public international law –
- see also international law

public law
- evidentiary value of the register

Page 623

public policy ,

quasi contracts

Queen Elizabeth ship

radioactive substances, pollution from –

readiness
- laytime –

reasonable despatch –

record-keeping

Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen

registration of mortgages –
- power of sale –
- priority among mortgages

registration of ships –

Regulation 4056/86 –

reinsurance –

rejection of goods –

related actions
- court jurisdiction –

remedies
- owner’s breach, for –

remuneration , , , , –

retrocession ,

risk , –

Rome I (Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations) –

Rome II (Regulation of Law Applicable to Non–Contractual Obligations) –

ROs (Recognised Organisations)
- liabilities in performance of statutory duties –

safe ports –
- meaning
- nominations
- secondary obligation
- weather conditions

safety and compliance –

Safety Management Certificate (SMC) ,

Safety Management Manual

SAJ (Shipbuilders’ Association of Japan Form)

sale contracts –

sale of second-hand tonnage –
- deposit –
- encumbrances –
- notice of readiness –

salvage –
- apportionment of reward
- contracts under Salvage Convention
- control of operation by coastal states –
- dismissal of salvors
- financial security
- limitation of liability
- Lloyd’s Open Form
  - “No cure–No pay” –
- reward –
- time bar
- towage, and –
- who can claim reward –

Page 624

Salvage Convention (International Salvage Convention) –
- contracts under
- review of

salvage reward –
- apportionment

SCOPIC Clause (P&I Club) , ,
- incorporation –

SCR (Special Casualty Representative)

scrapping of ships –
- authorised ship recycling facilities –
- entry into force of SRC –
- equivalent level of control –
- European ship recycling regulation
- regulation of hazardous materials used for construction of ships –
- regulations for safe and environmentally sound recycling
- ship recycling convention
- structures to which SRC applies –

SDRs (Special Drawing Rights)

sea waybills –

seaworthiness –
- burden of proof
- due diligence
- meaning
- time bar

SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan)

seller
- documentary duties –
- f.o.b –
- physical duties –
- right to cure –

“shelf-to-shelf” cover

Shelltime form
- 3 or 4 form
- 4 charterparty
- charter period

ship arrest –
- see also arrest

Ship Recycling Convention (SRC)

Ship Recycling Facilities
- Authorised –

shipbrokers –

shipbuilding –
- contractual framework –
- delivery of the “good”
- formation of contract –
- nature of contracts –
- pre-delivery inspection
- terms of contract –
- trials
- warranties under contract –

shipment terms
- international commercial sales

shipper’s order bills

shippers

shipping consortia –

shipping documentation see documentation, shipping

shipping industry
- application of Article 101 TFEU –
- merger regulation –

shipping pools
- compliance with Article 101 –
- cooperation
- EU law –, –
- guidelines

ship’s delivery order

Singapore Shipsale Form (SSF 2011)

slot charterers

SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) –

SOSREP (Secretary of State’s Representative), UK –

special compensation
- apportionment
- environmental obligations
- risks
- salvage reward –, ,
- SCOPIC Clause –, ,

standard of care ,

State aid –,

STCW2010 (International convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping as amended in2010) –
- aim
- certification –
- crew co–ordination
- documentation
- flag administrations –
- minimum rest periods
- non-compliance and legal consequences
- record–keeping
- responsibilities of shipowners –
- responsibility for compliance
- training –
- ship-specific familiarisation

STOPIA 2006 (Small Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement) –

straight bills of lading –

sub-freight
- liens on –

subrogation
- arbitration
- insurance, and –

sue and labour expenses –

sue and labour clause , –

Supplementary Fund 2003 –

technical agreements ,

technology –

termination for breach of contract
- charterparty –, –,

Page 625

termination of voyage

terms of contract

territorial sea –

TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union)
- abuses of dominant position –
- control of collusive behaviours –

third parties
- consequences of a freezing injunction

time bars
- charterparties ,
- collisions
- Hague-Visby Rules , , –
- Hamburg Rules ,
- pollution ,
- Rotterdam Rules ,

time charterparties –
- anti-technicality clause , –
- cancellation clause
- capture, seizure and arrest
- charterer’s obligation to pay hire –,
- deductions from hire –
- early redelivery –
- late redelivery –
- length of use of ship –
- off hire –
- piracy clause –
- withdrawal –

TOPIA (Tanker Oil Pollution Indemnification Agreement) –

tort claims –

towage –
- carriage of goods by sea, and –
- collisions during operation –
- contract of –
- definition –
- salvage, and –
- standard forms –

TOWCON 2008 –

TOWHIRE 2008 –

Traffic Separation Schemes ,

Training , , –, ,

tramp shipping
- Article 101 –
- definition

treaties –

Trinity House
- deep sea pilots
- responsibility

tugs, employment of –, , ,

UCP (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits) ,

UKSTC (UK Standard Conditions for Towage and Other Services) –

ultra vires contracts

UNCITRAL (UN Commission on International Trade Law)

UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)
- Article 220 prompt release procedure –
- IMO as competent international organisation in –

UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development) ,

UK (United Kingdom)
- standard towing conditions –
- withdrawal from the EU , , –, –,

unjust enrichment , ,

unjustified deviation

unseaworthiness
- cargo claims, and
- debility, and

unseaworthy ship
- general average

validity , , , , –

verification –

vessel
- liabilities of –

Vessel Traffic Surveillance (VTS) service

vicarious liability
- pilotage, and –

voyage charterparties –

“Waller Test”

warranties
- marine insurance –
- under the contract –

War Risks Clause for Time Charters 2004

waste, hazardous
- liability –

“weight and quantity unknown” clauses –

withdrawal –
- see also UK

Woolf Report on Access to Justice (1996)

World Trade Organisation (WTO) –

wreck removal –

wrongful arrest
- damages for –

York-Antwerp Rules
- developments –
- general average

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